The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Pediatric Obesity and Bariatric Surgery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiological Factors in Obesity
2.1. Definition of Obesity in Children and Adults
2.2. Prevalence of Obesity
2.3. Differences in Obesity Rates Based on Race/Ethnicity and Age/Sex
3. Obesity-Related Comorbidities in Children and Adults
4. Bariatric Surgery as a Treatment for Childhood Obesity
5. Architecture and Composition of Intestinal Flora in Obesity
6. The Developing Microbiome Modulates Obesity Differently than in Adults
6.1. The Birthing Process
6.2. The First Three Years of Life
6.3. School-Aged Children and Adolescents Continue to Have a Dynamic Microbiome
6.4. The Developing Gut Microbiota Influences Host Metabolic Status
6.5. The Gut Microbiota Has a Causal Role in Obesity
7. Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics, and Fecal Microbiota Transplant Modulate Obesity
7.1. Probiotics
7.2. Prebiotics
7.3. Synbiotics
7.4. Fecal Microbiota Transplant
8. Bariatric Surgery Leads to Gut Microbiota Changes in Adults
9. The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Pediatric Bariatric Surgery
10. Discussion: Future Directions and Unanswered Questions
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Akagbosu, C.O.; Nadler, E.P.; Levy, S.; Hourigan, S.K. The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Pediatric Obesity and Bariatric Surgery. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315421
Akagbosu CO, Nadler EP, Levy S, Hourigan SK. The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Pediatric Obesity and Bariatric Surgery. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):15421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315421
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkagbosu, Cynthia Omoge, Evan Paul Nadler, Shira Levy, and Suchitra Kaveri Hourigan. 2022. "The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Pediatric Obesity and Bariatric Surgery" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 15421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315421