Antiarrhythmic and Inotropic Effects of Selective Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Inhibition: What Can We Learn from the Pharmacological Studies?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Intracellular Ca2+ Handling in the Heart
3. Physiology and Pharmacology of the Exchanger
3.1. NCX Current during an Action Potential
3.2. Pharmacology of Novel NCX Inhibitors
3.3. Potential Therapeutic Benefit of Pharmacological NCX Inhibition
4. Effect of Novel NCX Inhibitors on Cellular Arrhythmogenic Mechanisms
4.1. DAD and Ca2+ Waves
4.2. EAD, LQT and TdP
4.3. Ischemia-Reperfusion
4.4. Action Potential Duration, Refractory Period, and APD-Dispersion
4.5. Action Potential and Ca2+ Transient Alternans
5. Inotropic Effects of Novel NCX Inhibitors
5.1. Selective NCX Inhibition Results in Positive Inotropy in Rat and Mouse and Human Atrium
5.2. Selective NCX Inhibition Failed to Exert Positive Inotropy in Guinea Pigs, Rabbits and Dogs
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nagy, N.; Tóth, N.; Nánási, P.P. Antiarrhythmic and Inotropic Effects of Selective Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Inhibition: What Can We Learn from the Pharmacological Studies? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314651
Nagy N, Tóth N, Nánási PP. Antiarrhythmic and Inotropic Effects of Selective Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Inhibition: What Can We Learn from the Pharmacological Studies? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314651
Chicago/Turabian StyleNagy, Norbert, Noémi Tóth, and Péter P. Nánási. 2022. "Antiarrhythmic and Inotropic Effects of Selective Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Inhibition: What Can We Learn from the Pharmacological Studies?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 14651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314651