The Downstaging Concept in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Spotlight on Ketamine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Clinical Definitions
2.1.1. Treatment-Resistant Depression
2.1.2. Difficult-to-Treat Depression
2.1.3. Staging
2.2. Neuroplasticity
2.2.1. Adult Neuroplasticity
2.2.2. Neuroplastic Changes in Treatment-Resistant Depression
2.3. Ketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression
2.3.1. Ketamine Enhances Synaptic Plasticity
2.3.2. Ketamine Affects Brain Volume
2.3.3. Ketamine Alters Functional Connectivity
2.3.4. Ketamine Has an Immunomodulatory Effect
2.3.5. Ketamine Enhances Resilience
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wilkowska, A.; Cubała, W.J. The Downstaging Concept in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Spotlight on Ketamine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314605
Wilkowska A, Cubała WJ. The Downstaging Concept in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Spotlight on Ketamine. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314605
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilkowska, Alina, and Wiesław Jerzy Cubała. 2022. "The Downstaging Concept in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Spotlight on Ketamine" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 14605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314605