IL-6 and IL-8: An Overview of Their Roles in Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. IL-6 and IL-8 in a Healthy Pregnancy
2.1. Expression of IL-6 and IL-8 and Their Receptors at the Feto-Maternal Interface
2.2. Pregnancy Establishment
2.3. Parturition
2.4. Circulating IL-6 and IL-8 Levels in a Healthy Pregnancy
3. IL-6 and IL-8 in Selected Pregnancy Pathologies
3.1. Pregnancy Loss
Pathology | Sample | Pathology-Related change | Cytokine | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy loss | Decidual macrophages and dNKs * | Decreased expression in SPL * | IL-6, IL-8 | [18] |
Increased expression in RPL * | IL-8 | [124,125] | ||
Decidua | Increased expression in RPL * | IL-6, IL-8 | [121,122,123] | |
Serum | Increased concentration | IL-6 | [123,129,130] | |
IL-8 | [133,136] | |||
No change | IL-6 | [131,132] | ||
IL-8 | [131] | |||
Decreased concentration | IL-6 | [133,134,135,136] | ||
IL-8 | [134] | |||
Preeclampsia | Placenta | Increased expression | IL-6 | [147,148,149,150,151] |
IL-8 | [149,152,153] | |||
Serum | Increased concentration | IL-6 | [150,151,154,155,156,157,158] | |
IL-8 | [151,153,156,159,160,161,162] | |||
Gestational diabetes mellitus | Placenta | Increased expression | IL-6 | [115,163,164,165,166] |
IL-8 | [115,167] | |||
No change | IL-6 | [168,169] | ||
IL-8 | [169,170] | |||
Increased levels in extravillous and decreased in villi tissue | IL-6 | [167] | ||
Sex-specific expression in STB * and EVTs * | IL-8 | [171] | ||
Serum | Increased concentration | IL-6 | [113,115,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179] | |
IL-8 | [115,176,179,180] | |||
No change | IL-6 | [180,181,182,183] | ||
IL-8 | [167,184,185] | |||
Decreased concentration in early pregnancy | IL-8 | [184] | ||
Maternal immune activation | Placenta/trophoblast and fetal membranes | Increased expression in response to inflammatory stimuli | IL-6 | [186,187,188,189,190,191] |
IL-8 | [189,190,191] | |||
Amniotic fluid and cervicovaginal lavage | Increased concentration in API * | IL-6 | [192,193,194,195,196,197,198] | |
IL-8 | [192,193,194,195,196,197,199,200] |
3.2. Preeclampsia
3.3. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
3.4. Maternal Immune Activation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Process | Role | Cytokine | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy establishment | Endometrial receptivity and implantation | IL-6 | [14,28] |
IL-8 | [48,49] | ||
Stimulation of human embryo blastulation and blastocyst hatching in vitro | IL-6 | [33] | |
Potential indicator of human embryo developmental potential in ARTs * | IL-8 | [51] | |
Regulation of trophoblast invasion and migration in vitro | IL-6 | [21,43,44] | |
IL-8 | [23,24,26,53,55] | ||
Spiral artery remodeling | IL-6 | [45] | |
IL-8 | [45,54] | ||
Parturition | Key gene triggering specific mechanisms in different gestational tissues leading to labor onset | IL6 | [56] |
Most upregulated gene in the myometrium and cervix with the onset of labor | CXCL8 | [57] | |
Stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis by decidual cells and chorioamniotic membranes | IL-6 | [58,59] | |
Stimulation of oxytocin secretion and oxytocin receptors’ expression on MSMCs * | IL-6 | [60,61] | |
Cervical remodeling and rupture of the gestational membranes | IL-8 | [62,63] | |
Circulating concentrations | |||
Pregnancy | Increased over the course of pregnancy | IL-6 | [64,65,66,67] |
No difference between trimesters | IL-6 | [68,69,70,71,72] | |
Decreased over the course of pregnancy | IL-6 | [73,74] | |
IL-8 | [75] | ||
U shape (decreased between the 1st and 2nd trimesters and increased between the 2nd and 3rd) | IL-8 | [68,69,70,76] |
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Vilotić, A.; Nacka-Aleksić, M.; Pirković, A.; Bojić-Trbojević, Ž.; Dekanski, D.; Jovanović Krivokuća, M. IL-6 and IL-8: An Overview of Their Roles in Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314574
Vilotić A, Nacka-Aleksić M, Pirković A, Bojić-Trbojević Ž, Dekanski D, Jovanović Krivokuća M. IL-6 and IL-8: An Overview of Their Roles in Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314574
Chicago/Turabian StyleVilotić, Aleksandra, Mirjana Nacka-Aleksić, Andrea Pirković, Žanka Bojić-Trbojević, Dragana Dekanski, and Milica Jovanović Krivokuća. 2022. "IL-6 and IL-8: An Overview of Their Roles in Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 14574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314574