Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) Epithelial Associated Malignancies: Exploring Pathologies and Current Treatments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. EBV Latency
EBV Latent Proteins and Oncogenesis
3. EBV and Epithelial Malignancies
4. EBV and Gastric Carcinoma
Gastric Cancer Therapies
5. EBV and Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Nasopharyngeal Cancer Therapies
6. EBV and Other Malignancies
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Latency 0 | Latency I | Latency IIa | Latency IIb | Latency III | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EBNA1 | − | + | + | + | + |
EBNA2 | − | − | − | + | + |
EBNA3 | − | − | − | + | + |
EBNA-LP | − | − | − | + | + |
LMP1 | − | − | + | − | + |
LMP2 | − | − | + | − | + |
BARTs | − | + | + | + | + |
EBERs | + | + | + | + | + |
Latency Type | Associated Malignancies |
---|---|
Latency I | EBVaGC, Burkitt lymphoma |
Latency II | EBVaGC, NPC, DLCBL, classic Hodgkin’s lymphoma, NLPHL |
Latency III | DLBCL |
Cancer Type | Treatment Options | References |
---|---|---|
EBV-associated gastric cancer | Chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical resection, fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel or fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin, pembrolizumab, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) inhibitors | [97,100,107] |
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Surgery, platinum-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy, gemcitabine and cisplatin induction chemotherapy + toripalimab, intensity-modulated (IMRT), particle therapy | [145,148, 152,154] |
Breast cancer | Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, doxorubin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel (AC-T), docetaxel, paclitaxel, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), (tamoxifen, raloxifene, toremifene), aromatase inhibitors (non-steroidal anastrozole and letrozole and steroidal exemestane), (SERD), selective estrogen receptor degrader (fulvestrant), cyclin D kinase 4/6 inhibitors (palbociclib, ribociclib and abemaciclib), PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors, mTOR inhibitor (everolimus), PI3K inhibitor (alpelisib), lumpectomy, whole breast irradiation, mastectomy | [173,174,175] |
Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the salivary glands | Surgery (parotidectomy or submandibular gland excision) and induction chemotherapy, concurrent therapy, postoperative radiotherapy | [176,177,178] |
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung | Surgery, cisplatin-based chemotherapy, pembrolizumab nivolumab, arezolizumab, nivolumab and gemcitabine, other combination therapies | [179,180,181] |
Renal cell | Pembrolizumab and axitinib, cabozantinib, pazopanib, bevacizumab, temsirolimus, surgery, cytoreductive nephrectomy | [182,183] |
Thyroid | Surgical resection, TSH suppression, radioiodine therapy, pembrolizumab, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, selumetinib, everolimus, sorafenib, lenvatinib, pazopanib and treametinib | [184] |
Cervical | Conization, hysterectomy, radiotherapy | [185] |
Bladder | Trans-urethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), chemotherapy, induction intravesical therapy, induction BCG | [186] |
Leiomyomas/leiomyosarcomas | EBV-CTL therapy, antiretroviral therapy, reduction of immunosuppressive treatment, surgery | [170] |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemo/immunotherapy (doxorubicin, FOLFOX [folinic acid, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin], sorafenib, regorafenib, atezolizumab + bevacizumab, others), image-guided tumor ablation, transcatheter arterial chemo/radioembolisation, combination therapies (ie systemic + intra-arterial treatment), | [187,188,189,190,191] |
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Shechter, O.; Sausen, D.G.; Gallo, E.S.; Dahari, H.; Borenstein, R. Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) Epithelial Associated Malignancies: Exploring Pathologies and Current Treatments. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214389
Shechter O, Sausen DG, Gallo ES, Dahari H, Borenstein R. Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) Epithelial Associated Malignancies: Exploring Pathologies and Current Treatments. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(22):14389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214389
Chicago/Turabian StyleShechter, Oren, Daniel G. Sausen, Elisa S. Gallo, Harel Dahari, and Ronen Borenstein. 2022. "Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) Epithelial Associated Malignancies: Exploring Pathologies and Current Treatments" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22: 14389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214389