Clomifene and Assisted Reproductive Technology in Humans Are Associated with Sex-Specific Offspring Epigenetic Alterations in Imprinted Control Regions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. ART ET/ICSI and Mean Offspring CpG Methylation
2.2. Clomifene Only and Mean Offspring CpG Methylation
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Participants
4.2. Data Collection
4.2.1. Outcome Assessment
4.2.2. Exposure Assessment
4.3. Statistical Analyses
4.4. Nomenclature
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic | ART ET/ICSI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) or Frequency (% of Total) | ||||
Exposed | Non-Exposed | All | ||
n = 27 (4.7%) | n = 516 (89.9%) | n = 543 (100%) | ||
Maternal age # | 36.3 (3.6) | 30.1 (5.5) | 30.4 (5.5) | |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI # | 24.5 (6.1) | 27.7 (8.8) | 27.5 (8.7) | |
Race / Ethnicity # | White | 21 (77.8%) | 242 (46.9%) | 263 (48.4%) |
Non-white | 6 (22.2%) | 274 (53.1%) | 280 (51.6%) | |
Parity * | Nulliparous | 17 (63%) | 213 (41.4%) | 230 (42.5%) |
One or more | 10 (37%) | 301 (58.6%) * | 311 (57.5%) * | |
Diabetes † | None | 25 (96.2%) | 444 (88.1%) | 469 (88.5%) |
Any type | 1 (3.8%) | 60 (11.9%) | 61 (11.5%) | |
Sex | Male | 11 (40.7%) | 272 (52.7%) | 283 (52.1%) |
Female | 16 (59.3%) | 244 (47.3%) | 260 (47.9%) | |
Demographic | Clomifene Only | |||
n = 22 (6.8%) | n = 303 (93.2%) | n = 325 (100%) | ||
Maternal age # | 33.6 (4.9) | 30.0 (5.1) | 30.2 (5.2) | |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | 25.6 (5.8) | 27.4 (8.1) | 27.2 (7.9) | |
Race/Ethnicity # | White | 18 (81.8%) | 143 (47.2%) | 161 (49.5%) |
Non-white | 4 (18.2%) | 160 (52.8%) | 164 (50.5%) | |
Parity | Nulliparous | 7 (31.8%) | 136 (45.0%) | 143 (44.0%) |
One or more | 15 (68.2%) | 167 (55.0%) | 182 (55.0%) | |
Diabetes ‡ | No | 20 (90.9%) | 269 (90.0%) | 289 (90.0%) |
Any type | 2 (9.1%) | 30 (10.0%) | 32 (10.0%) | |
Sex | Male | 12 (54.5%) | 165 (54.5%) | 177 (54.5%) |
Female | 10 (45.5%) | 138 (45.5%) | 148 (45.5%) |
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Lloyd, D.T.; Skinner, H.G.; Maguire, R.; Murphy, S.K.; Motsinger-Reif, A.A.; Hoyo, C.; House, J.S. Clomifene and Assisted Reproductive Technology in Humans Are Associated with Sex-Specific Offspring Epigenetic Alterations in Imprinted Control Regions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 10450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810450
Lloyd DT, Skinner HG, Maguire R, Murphy SK, Motsinger-Reif AA, Hoyo C, House JS. Clomifene and Assisted Reproductive Technology in Humans Are Associated with Sex-Specific Offspring Epigenetic Alterations in Imprinted Control Regions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(18):10450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810450
Chicago/Turabian StyleLloyd, Dillon T., Harlyn G. Skinner, Rachel Maguire, Susan K. Murphy, Alison A. Motsinger-Reif, Cathrine Hoyo, and John S. House. 2022. "Clomifene and Assisted Reproductive Technology in Humans Are Associated with Sex-Specific Offspring Epigenetic Alterations in Imprinted Control Regions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18: 10450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810450