Exosomes: Small EVs with Large Immunomodulatory Effect in Glioblastoma
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Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-003, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Leonora Balaj
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(7), 3600; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073600
Received: 1 March 2021
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Revised: 23 March 2021
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Accepted: 24 March 2021
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Published: 30 March 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role and Dynamics of Extracellular Vesicles in Central Nervous System Diseases)
Glioblastomas are among the most aggressive tumors, and with low survival rates. They are characterized by the ability to create a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles (EVs), mediate intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment by transporting various biomolecules (RNA, DNA, proteins, and lipids), therefore playing a prominent role in tumor proliferation, differentiation, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy or radiation. Exosomes are found in all body fluids and can cross the blood–brain barrier due to their nanoscale size. Recent studies have highlighted the multiple influences of tumor-derived exosomes on immune cells. Owing to their structural and functional properties, exosomes can be an important instrument for gaining a better molecular understanding of tumors. Furthermore, they qualify not only as diagnostic and prognostic markers, but also as tools in therapies specifically targeting aggressive tumor cells, like glioblastomas.
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Keywords:
extracellular vesicles; exosomes; biomarker; liquid biopsy; TEX; cancer; tumor immunology
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MDPI and ACS Style
Benecke, L.; Coray, M.; Umbricht, S.; Chiang, D.; Figueiró, F.; Muller, L. Exosomes: Small EVs with Large Immunomodulatory Effect in Glioblastoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073600
AMA Style
Benecke L, Coray M, Umbricht S, Chiang D, Figueiró F, Muller L. Exosomes: Small EVs with Large Immunomodulatory Effect in Glioblastoma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(7):3600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073600
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenecke, Laura, Mali Coray, Sandra Umbricht, Dapi Chiang, Fabrício Figueiró, and Laurent Muller. 2021. "Exosomes: Small EVs with Large Immunomodulatory Effect in Glioblastoma" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7: 3600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073600
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