Metalloproteinases in Endometrial Cancer—Are They Worth Measuring?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Metalloproteinases
3. Estrogen-Associated Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer and Their Effect on MMPs
4. Roles of Metalloproteinases in Carcinogenesis and Tumor Growth
5. MMPs, Cell Invasion and Metastasis
6. The Impact of MMPs on Cancer-Associated Angiogenesis
7. MMPs as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers in EC Patients
8. Metalloproteinase Inhibitors and Future Therapeutic Perspectives in Endometrial Cancer
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subgroup | Author | Results | Number of Patients | Level of Evidence * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Collagenases (MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13) | Moser et al. [81] | MMP-1 is not associated with OS | 103 | 4 |
Gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) | Aglund et al. [56] | MMP-2 and MMP-9 correlate with histopathological grade of EC. MMP-9 correlates with clinical staging. | 88 | 4 |
Di Nezza et al. [54] | MMP-2, MMP-9 and MT1-MMP (MMP14) correlate with clinicopathological features of EC such as myometrial invasion, vascular/lymphatic invasion and increasing histologic grade | 29 | 4 | |
Cymbaluk-Płoska et al. [82] | Sighificantly higher serum MMP-9 levels in patients with high-stage, poorly differentiated tumors, blood vessel invasion, lymph node involvement and greater myometrial infiltration. | 143 | 3b | |
Yu et al. [83] | MMP-9 levels positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and histopathological grade of EC patients. Higher MMP-9 expression in EC tissue did not correlate with clinical outcome. | 188 | 3b | |
Liu et al. [23] | Systematic review and meta-analysis; MMP-2 expression significantly higher in patients with normal endometrium compared to endometriosis/ normal endometria. MMP-2 expression significantly associated with FIGO stage, histologic grade, lymph node metastasis and myometrial invasion. | 1902 | 3a | |
Stromelysins (MMP-3, MMP-10, MMP-11) | Obokata et al. [81] | MMP-11 may be correlated with the remodelling of normal endometrial lesions; does not correlate with EC | 180 | 3b |
Matrilysins (MMP-7, MMP-26) | Obokata et al. [81] | MMP-7 expression in endometrial carcinoma was correlated with myometrial invasion and estrogen receptor expression. The expression of MMP-7 in the adjacent stroma was associated with a poor prognosis. | 180 | 3b |
Misugi et al. [80] | The expression of MMP-7 was significantly stronger in higher-grade than lower-grade tumors. The disease-free interval was significantly shorter when MMP-7 expression was intense. This increased expression of MMP-7 in high grade UECs may be associated with tumor invasion and metastasis, and MMP-7 could serve as a prognostic maker in UEC. | 196 | 3b | |
Tunuguntla et al. [21] | Increased MMP-26 staining intensity correlated with grade III tumors and the depth of myometrial invasion | 136 | 3b |
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Michalczyk, K.; Cymbaluk-Płoska, A. Metalloproteinases in Endometrial Cancer—Are They Worth Measuring? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212472
Michalczyk K, Cymbaluk-Płoska A. Metalloproteinases in Endometrial Cancer—Are They Worth Measuring? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212472
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichalczyk, Kaja, and Aneta Cymbaluk-Płoska. 2021. "Metalloproteinases in Endometrial Cancer—Are They Worth Measuring?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212472