Nearly 30 Years of Animal Models to Study Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Historical Overview and Future Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Genes Involved in ALS
3. Modelling Human ALS in Living Organisms
4. Rodent Models
4.1. Rodents Carrying Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) Mutations
4.2. Rodents Carrying Tar DNA-Binding Protein 43 (TDP-43) Mutation
4.3. Rodents Carrying the RNA-Binding Protein Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) Mutations
4.4. Rodents Carrying Chromosome 9 Open Reading Frame 72 (C9orf72) Mutations
5. Rodent Models Carrying Rare Mutations Linked to ALS
5.1. Rodents Carrying Alsin Mutations
5.2. Rodents Carrying Senataxin Mutations
5.3. Rodents Carrying Optineurin Mutations
5.4. Rodents Carrying Ubiquilin-2 Mutations
5.5. Rodents Carrying Profilin 1 Mutations
5.6. Rodents Carrying Valosin Containing Protein Mutations
5.7. Rodents Carrying Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein (VAMP)-Associated Protein B Mutations
6. Non-Genetic Rodent Models
6.1. Guinea Pig ALS Models
6.2. L-BMAA-Induced ALS Rodent Models
7. Drosophila Melanogaster (Fruit Fly) Models
7.1. Drosophila Melanogaster Carrying SOD1 Mutations
7.2. Drosophila Melanogaster Carrying TDP-43 Mutations
7.3. Drosophila Melanogaster Carrying FUS Mutations
7.4. Drosophila Melanogaster Carrying C9orf72 Mutations
8. Danio Rerio (Zebrafish) Models
8.1. Zebrafish Carrying Cu/Zn SOD1 Mutations
8.2. Zebrafish Carrying TDP-43 Mutations
8.3. Zebrafish Carrying FUS Mutations
8.4. Zebrafish Carrying C9orf72 Mutations
9. Caenorhabditis Elegans Models
9.1. C. elegans Carrying SOD1 Mutations
9.2. C. elegans Carrying TDP-43 Mutations
9.3. C. elegans Carrying FUS Mutations
9.4. C. elegans Carrying Deletion or Overexpression of C9orf72
10. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Models
10.1. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Carrying SOD1 Mutations
10.2. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Carrying TDP-43 Mutations
10.3. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Carrying FUS Mutations
11. Other Animal Models of ALS
11.1. Canine Models
11.2. Swine Models
11.3. Non-Human Primate Models
12. ALS-Related Protein Mutations for Novel or Potential Animal Models
12.1. MATR3 Mutations
12.2. CHCHD10 Mutations
12.3. TBK1 Mutations
12.4. CCNF Mutations
12.5. Other ALS-Related Mutations
13. Translational Burdens and Usefulness of In Vivo ALS Models
14. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bonifacino, T.; Zerbo, R.A.; Balbi, M.; Torazza, C.; Frumento, G.; Fedele, E.; Bonanno, G.; Milanese, M. Nearly 30 Years of Animal Models to Study Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Historical Overview and Future Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212236
Bonifacino T, Zerbo RA, Balbi M, Torazza C, Frumento G, Fedele E, Bonanno G, Milanese M. Nearly 30 Years of Animal Models to Study Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Historical Overview and Future Perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212236
Chicago/Turabian StyleBonifacino, Tiziana, Roberta Arianna Zerbo, Matilde Balbi, Carola Torazza, Giulia Frumento, Ernesto Fedele, Giambattista Bonanno, and Marco Milanese. 2021. "Nearly 30 Years of Animal Models to Study Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Historical Overview and Future Perspectives" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212236