Molecular and Metabolic Mechanism of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Improving Muscle Atrophy in Hindlimb Unloading Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Result
2.1. Body Weight and Muscle Weight
2.2. Mean Cross Sectional Area of Muscle Fiber
2.3. Muscle Tension
2.4. Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
2.5. The Expressions of AKT, mTOR and MSTN and Its ReceptorActrIIB
2.6. GC-MS Analysis of Metabolic Profiling
3. Discussion
4. Method
4.1. Animals
4.2. Animal Modeling and Grouping
4.3. LIPUS Irradiation
4.4. Sample Preparation
4.5. Fast and Slow Muscle Immunofluorescence
4.6. Muscle Tension In Vivo
4.7. Cell Culture and Differentiation
4.8. CCK-8 Detection
4.9. DAPI Staining
4.10. HE Staining
4.11. Microfilament Immunofluorescence Staining
4.12. Western Blot
4.13. RNA Isolation and RT-PCR
4.14. Metabonomicsan Analysis of Differential Metabolites and Pathways
4.15. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Comparison | No. | RT | m/z | KEGG | Formula | Metabolite | Trend | Related Pathway |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UL vs. NC | 1 | 6.387 | 147.050 | C00041 | C3H7NO2 | Alanine | ↓ * | Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; ABC transporters |
2 | 9.490 | 149.050 | C00042 | C4H6O4 | Succinic acid | ↓ * | TCA cycle; oxidative phosphorylation; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism | |
3 | 10.985 | 130.050 | C00049 | C4H7NO4 | L-Aspartic acid | ↓ * | Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; serine and threonine metabolism; ABC transporters | |
4 | 8.720 | 132.050 | C00065 | C3H7NO3 | L-Serine | ↓ ** | Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; sphingolipid metabolism | |
5 | 16.436 | 179.050 | C00082 | C9H11NO3 | Tyrosine | ↓ * | Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; phenylalanine metabolism | |
6 | 8.495 | 189.050 | C00086 | CH4N2O | Urea | ↓ ** | Arginine and proline metabolism | |
7 | 7.168 | 86.150 | C00123 | C6H13NO2 | L-Leucine | ↓ ** | valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation; valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis | |
8 | 19.307 | 147.050 | C00137 | C6H12O6 | Myo-Inositol | ↓ * | Galactose metabolism | |
9 | 15.779 | 73.050 | C00158 | C6H8O7 | Citric acid | ↓ * | TCA cycle | |
10 | 6.112 | 72.150 | C00183 | C5H11NO2 | L-Valine | ↓ ** | ABC transporters; Protein digestion and absorption | |
11 | 5.748 | 106.050 | C00186 | C3H6O3 | Lactic acid | ↓ ** | Gluconeogenesis; Pyruvate metabolism | |
12 | 33.925 | 329.350 | C00187 | C27H46O | Cholesterol | ↓ * | Steroid biosynthesis; Steroid hormone biosynthesis | |
UL vs. UL + 30 mW/cm2 | 1 | 10.985 | 130.050 | C00049 | C4H7NO4 | L-Aspartic acid | ↑ ** | Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; arginine and proline metabolism |
2 | 8.509 | 73.050 | C00086 | CH4N2O | Urea | ↑ * | Arginine and proline metabolism | |
3 | 86.150 | 7.168 | C00123 | C6H13NO2 | L-Leucine | ↑ ** | Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation; valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis | |
4 | 226.150 | 19.338 | C00137 | C6H12O6 | Myo-Inositol | ↑ ** | Galactose metabolism | |
5 | 73.050 | 15.779 | C00158 | C6H8O7 | Citric acid | ↑ ** | TCA cycle | |
6 | 6.112 | 72.150 | C00183 | C5H11NO2 | L-Valine | ↑ ** | ABC transporters; protein digestion and absorption | |
7 | 33.920 | 129.050 | C00187 | C27H46O | Cholesterol | ↑ * | Steroid biosynthesis; steroid hormone biosynthesis | |
8 | 18.290 | 154.150 | C00249 | C16H32O2 | Palmitic Acid | ↑ *** | Fatty acid biosynthesis; fatty acid degradation | |
9 | 9.837 | 89.050 | C00258 | C3H6O4 | Glyceric acid | ↓ * | Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism | |
10 | 14.597 | 73.050 | C00379 | C5H12O5 | Xylitol | ↑ * | Pentose and glucuronate interconversions | |
UL vs. UL + 80 mW/cm2 | 1 | 14.597 | 73.050 | C00049 | C4H7NO4 | Xylitol | ↑ * | Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; arginine and proline metabolism |
2 | 10.985 | 130.05 | C00065 | C3H7NO3 | L-Aspartic acid | ↑ * | Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; sphingolipid metabolism | |
3 | 8.711 | 116.05 | C00086 | CH4N2O | L-Serine | ↑ * | Arginine and proline metabolism | |
4 | 8.506 | 137.05 | C00123 | C6H13NO2 | Urea | ↑ *** | Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation; valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis | |
5 | 7.168 | 86.15 | C00137 | C6H12O6 | L-Leucine | ↑ * | Galactose metabolism | |
6 | 19.307 | 217.15 | C00158 | C6H8O7 | Myo-Inositol | ↑ * | TCA cycle | |
7 | 15.779 | 73.05 | C00186 | C3H6O3 | Citric acid | ↑ * | Gluconeogenesis; pyruvate metabolism | |
8 | 5.742 | 6 | C00187 | C27H46O | Lactic acid | ↑ * | Steroid biosynthesis; steroid hormone biosynthesis | |
9 | 33.92 | 129.05 | C00188 | C4H9NO3 | Cholesterol | ↑ * | Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis | |
10 | 9.245 | 117.05 | C00249 | C16H32O2 | L-Threonine | ↑ * | Fatty acid biosynthesis; fatty acid degradation | |
11 | 9.807 | 133.050 | C00258 | C3H6O4 | Glyceric acid | ↑ * | Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism | |
12 | 18.287 | 133.05 | C00249 | C16H32O2 | Palmitic Acid | ↑ ** | Fatty acid metabolism | |
13 | 6.116 | 55.15 | C00183 | C5H11NO2 | L-Valine | ↑ * | ABC transporters; Protein digestion and absorption |
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Sun, L.; An, S.; Zhang, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Yu, Y.; Ma, Z.; Fan, X.; Tang, L.; Guo, J. Molecular and Metabolic Mechanism of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Improving Muscle Atrophy in Hindlimb Unloading Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212112
Sun L, An S, Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Yu Y, Ma Z, Fan X, Tang L, Guo J. Molecular and Metabolic Mechanism of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Improving Muscle Atrophy in Hindlimb Unloading Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212112
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Lijun, Shasha An, Zhihao Zhang, Yaling Zhou, Yanan Yu, Zhanke Ma, Xiushan Fan, Liang Tang, and Jianzhong Guo. 2021. "Molecular and Metabolic Mechanism of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Improving Muscle Atrophy in Hindlimb Unloading Rats" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212112