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Volume 22
Issue 12
10.3390/ijms22126607
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Review

Inflammatory Mechanisms in COVID-19 and Atherosclerosis: Current Pharmaceutical Perspectives

by
Marios Sagris
1,
Panagiotis Theofilis
1,
Alexios S. Antonopoulos
1,
Costas Tsioufis
1,
Evangelos Oikonomou
1,
Charalambos Antoniades
2,3,4,
Filippo Crea
5,
Juan Carlos Kaski
6 and
Dimitris Tousoulis
1,*
1
1st Cardiology Department, ‘Hippokration’ General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
2
Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
3
Oxford Centre of Research Excellence, British Heart Foundation, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
4
Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute of Health Research, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
5
Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Catholic University, 00168 Rome, Italy
6
Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(12), 6607; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126607
Submission received: 22 April 2021 / Revised: 10 June 2021 / Accepted: 11 June 2021 / Published: 21 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pro- and Anti-inflammation Signaling Pathways and Development of Anti-inflammatory Drugs)
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Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been associated with excess mortality worldwide. The cardiovascular system is the second most common target of SARS-CoV-2, which leads to severe complications, including acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmias, and venous thromboembolism, as well as other major thrombotic events because of direct endothelial injury and an excessive systemic inflammatory response. This review focuses on the similarities and the differences of inflammatory pathways involved in COVID-19 and atherosclerosis. Anti-inflammatory agents and immunomodulators have recently been assessed, which may constitute rational treatments for the reduction of cardiovascular events in both COVID-19 and atherosclerotic heart disease.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; atherosclerosis; inflammation; anti-inflammatory treatment COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; atherosclerosis; inflammation; anti-inflammatory treatment

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sagris, M.; Theofilis, P.; Antonopoulos, A.S.; Tsioufis, C.; Oikonomou, E.; Antoniades, C.; Crea, F.; Kaski, J.C.; Tousoulis, D. Inflammatory Mechanisms in COVID-19 and Atherosclerosis: Current Pharmaceutical Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126607

AMA Style

Sagris M, Theofilis P, Antonopoulos AS, Tsioufis C, Oikonomou E, Antoniades C, Crea F, Kaski JC, Tousoulis D. Inflammatory Mechanisms in COVID-19 and Atherosclerosis: Current Pharmaceutical Perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(12):6607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126607

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sagris, Marios, Panagiotis Theofilis, Alexios S. Antonopoulos, Costas Tsioufis, Evangelos Oikonomou, Charalambos Antoniades, Filippo Crea, Juan Carlos Kaski, and Dimitris Tousoulis. 2021. "Inflammatory Mechanisms in COVID-19 and Atherosclerosis: Current Pharmaceutical Perspectives" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12: 6607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126607

APA Style

Sagris, M., Theofilis, P., Antonopoulos, A. S., Tsioufis, C., Oikonomou, E., Antoniades, C., Crea, F., Kaski, J. C., & Tousoulis, D. (2021). Inflammatory Mechanisms in COVID-19 and Atherosclerosis: Current Pharmaceutical Perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(12), 6607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126607

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