Basic Methods for Preparation of Liposomes and Studying Their Interactions with Different Compounds, with the Emphasis on Polyphenols
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Preparation of Liposomes
2.1. Thin-Film Method
2.2. Proliposome Method
2.3. Injection Methods
2.3.1. Ethanol Injection
2.3.2. Ether Injection
2.4. Emulsification Method
3. Spectroscopic Determination of the Position of the Compounds in the Bilayers
3.1. Polarisation and Anisotropy Measurements
3.2. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometry for Determination of Compound’s Position
3.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry for Determination of Compound’s Position, Permeability and Its Effects on the Liposomes
4. Determination of the Effects of Compounds on the Liposomes
4.1. Determination of the Permeability of the Liposomal Bilayers: The Calcein Release Method
4.2. Spectroscopic Methods for Measuring Antioxidant Effects on the Model Lipid Membranes
4.2.1. Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances
4.2.2. The BODIPY 581/591 C11 Method
4.2.3. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometry for Determination of Antioxidant Activity
4.3. Surface Charge Measurements
- -
- Pipetting 20–50 µL of liposomal solution to the bottom of a specially designed zeta potential measuring cuvette, filled with filtered ultra-clean water (pore size, 0.45 µm)
- -
- Measuring the zeta-potential (in the case of aqueous liposomal suspensions, water is chosen as the solvent, the cuvette-type settings are selected according to the cuvette in use, and the number of measurements is defined by the machine software)
4.4. Size Measurements
4.4.1. Dynamic Light Scattering
4.4.2. Light Microscopy
4.4.3. Transmission Electron Microscopy
4.5. Calorimetric Methods for Determination of the Phase Transition of the Membranes
4.5.1. Thermodynamic Profile of Thermotropic Phase Transition Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry
4.5.2. Isothermal Titration Calorimetry
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Šturm, L.; Poklar Ulrih, N. Basic Methods for Preparation of Liposomes and Studying Their Interactions with Different Compounds, with the Emphasis on Polyphenols. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126547
Šturm L, Poklar Ulrih N. Basic Methods for Preparation of Liposomes and Studying Their Interactions with Different Compounds, with the Emphasis on Polyphenols. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(12):6547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126547
Chicago/Turabian StyleŠturm, Luka, and Nataša Poklar Ulrih. 2021. "Basic Methods for Preparation of Liposomes and Studying Their Interactions with Different Compounds, with the Emphasis on Polyphenols" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12: 6547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126547