Fake It ‘Till You Make It—The Pursuit of Suitable Membrane Mimetics for Membrane Protein Biophysics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Detergent Micelles
3. 3D Crystals and Lipidic Cubic Phase
4. Bicelles and Nanodiscs
5. Liposomes (and Polymersomes)
6. Native Membranes
7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AFM | Atomic force microscopy |
AQP0 | Aquaporin 0 |
ASR | Anabaena sensory rhodopsin |
β2AR | β2 adrenergic receptor |
BAM | β-barrel assembly machinery |
CCR5 | CC-chemokine receptor 5 |
CMC | Critical micellar concentration |
DM | Decyl-L-D-maltoside |
DHPC | Dihexanoyl-phosphatidylcholine |
DIBMA | Diisobutylene/maleic acid |
DMPC | Dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine |
DDM | Dodecyl-L-D-maltoside |
DPC | Dodecylphosphorylcholine |
EM | Electron microscopy |
ET | Electron tomography |
GPCRs | G-protein-coupled receptors |
HOPG | Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite |
LDAO | Lauryldimethylamine-N-oxide |
LCP | Lipidic cubic phases |
MAS | Magic angle spinning |
MS | Mass spectrometry |
MSP | Membrane scaffold protein |
MicroED | Microcrystal electron diffraction |
MD | Molecular dynamics |
NMR | Nuclear magnetic resonance |
OG | Octyl-L-D-glucoside |
PEG | Polyethylene glycol |
SDS | Sodium dodecyl sulfate |
SFX | Serial femtosecond crystallography |
SMA | Styrene-maleic acid |
SMFS | Single-molecule force spectroscopy |
Salipro | Saposin lipo-protein |
XFEL | X-ray free-electron laser |
VDAC | Voltage-dependent anion channel |
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System | Pro | Contra | Suitable methods |
---|---|---|---|
Detergent micelles | Universally used; starting point for downstream applications | Can have denaturing effects; may disrupt complexes; de-lipidation of membrane proteins | Single-particle Cryo-EM; solution NMR; X-ray / neutron solution scattering; MS/MS |
3D crystals | Most prevalent system for structure determination; can include lipids (LCP) | Non-native crystal contacts; often requires protein engineering; proteins are “locked” in one state; crystallization artifacts | X-ray crystallography; Micro-ED |
Bicelles | Lipid system; can be used for 3D crystallization; variety of shapes and sizes | Limited lipid diversity; altered lipid dynamics | Solution NMR; solid-state NMR; (X-ray crystallography) |
Nanodiscs | Lipid system; broad range of lipid compositions; possible to extract native lipid composition | Limited size range; altered lipid dynamics; membrane asymmetry is lost | Single particle Cryo-EM; solution NMR; Cryo-electron tomography; AFM |
Liposomes | Lipid system; Broad range of lipid compositions; high protein density possible; facilitate transmembrane transport studies | Often non-native protein orientation; not possible to create asymmetric bilayers | Electron crystallography; Cryo-ET; solid-state NMR; AFM; electrophysiology; fluorometry |
Native membranes | Native environment | Often difficult to handle; low content of protein of interest over “contaminants” | Cryo-ET; solid-state NMR; AFM |
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Thoma, J.; Burmann, B.M. Fake It ‘Till You Make It—The Pursuit of Suitable Membrane Mimetics for Membrane Protein Biophysics. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010050
Thoma J, Burmann BM. Fake It ‘Till You Make It—The Pursuit of Suitable Membrane Mimetics for Membrane Protein Biophysics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(1):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010050
Chicago/Turabian StyleThoma, Johannes, and Björn M. Burmann. 2021. "Fake It ‘Till You Make It—The Pursuit of Suitable Membrane Mimetics for Membrane Protein Biophysics" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1: 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010050