Cardiovascular Disease and SARS-CoV-2: the Role of Host Immune Response Versus Direct Viral Injury
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. SARS-CoV-2 and the Role of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
3. SARS-CoV-2, Immune System and Immunogenetics
4. SARS-CoV-2 and the Cardiovascular System
4.1. SARS-CoV-2 and Cardiovascular Comorbidities
4.2. SARS-CoV-2, Cardiovascular Manifestations and Mechanisms of Injury
5. Treatment
6. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CAD | coronary artery disease |
CVD | cardiovascular disease |
ICU | intensive care unit |
HF | heart failure |
CBV | cerebrovascular |
References
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Authors | Study Design | No. of Patients | Cardiovascular Involvement |
---|---|---|---|
[1] | Retrospective, multicentre study | 1099 | Comorbidity [2.5% of patients with CAD] |
[6] | Retrospective | 41 | Comorbidity [15% of patients with CVD] and complication [12% of patients with acute cardiac injury; 31% admitted to ICU, 4% non ICU] |
[24] | Retrospective, multicentre study | 8910 | Comorbidity associated with mortality [20% of patients non survivors with CAD, 5.6% with HF, 6.8% with arrhythmia] |
[39] | Retrospective study | 416 | Complication associated with mortality [19.7% of patients with cardiac injury, mortality in patients with cardiac injury 51.2%] |
[40] | Retrospective, multicentre study | 191 | Comorbidity [8% of patients with CAD] and mortality [24% of patient with CAD] |
[41] | Retrospective, multicentre study | 355 | Comorbidity [30% of patients with ischemic heart disease, 24.5% of patients with atrial fibrillation] |
[42] | Retrospective study | 99 | Comorbidity [40% of patients with CV and CBV diseases] |
[56] | Retrospective case series | 138 | Comorbidity [14.5% of patients with CVD]. Complication [44.4% of patients admitted to ICU |
[46] | Retrospective study | 193 | Comorbidity [16.1% of patients with CVD, 27.1% of diabetic patients with CVD] and mortality [25% of patients non survivors with CVD].Diabetes |
[47] | Retrospective study | 174 | Comorbidity [32.4% of diabetic patients with CVD]. |
[49] | Retrospective study | 28 | Comorbidity and outcome [ICU patients have higher levels of Troponin I] |
[58] | Retrospective case series | 187 | Comorbidity [35.3% of patients with CVD, 27.8% of patients with myocardial injury] and mortality [13.33% of patients with CVD, 37.5% of patients with elevated levels of Troponin I, 69.44% of patients with CVD and elevated levels of Troponin I] |
[60] | Retrospective study | 28 | Complication [STEMI as first presentation in 85.7% of cases] |
[63] | Retrospective study | 21 | Complication [9.1% of patients with acute cardiac injury] |
[59] | Case series | 54 | NT-proBNP associated with higher mortality |
[72] | Case series | 21 | Comorbidity [42.9% of patients with congestive heart failure]. Complication [33.3% of patients develop cardiomyopathy] |
[62] | Case series | 18 | Complication [STEMI] |
[61] | Case report | 1 | Complication [STEMI] |
[75] | Case report | 1 | Complication [myocarditis] |
[76] | Case report | 1 | Complication [myocarditis] |
[77] | Case report | 1 | Complication [myocarditis] |
[80] | Case report | 1 | Complication [myocarditis] |
[78] | Case report | 1 | Complication [myocarditis] |
[81] | Case report | 1 | Complication [Tako-Tsubo syndrome] |
[82] | Case report | 1 | Complication [Tako-Tsubo syndrome] |
[83] | Case report | 1 | Complication [Tako-Tsubo syndrome] |
[84] | Case report | 1 | Complication [Tako-Tsubo syndrome, atrial fibrillation] |
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Biscetti, F.; Rando, M.M.; Nardella, E.; Cecchini, A.L.; Bruno, P.; Landolfi, R.; Flex, A. Cardiovascular Disease and SARS-CoV-2: the Role of Host Immune Response Versus Direct Viral Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218141
Biscetti F, Rando MM, Nardella E, Cecchini AL, Bruno P, Landolfi R, Flex A. Cardiovascular Disease and SARS-CoV-2: the Role of Host Immune Response Versus Direct Viral Injury. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218141
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiscetti, Federico, Maria Margherita Rando, Elisabetta Nardella, Andrea Leonardo Cecchini, Piergiorgio Bruno, Raffaele Landolfi, and Andrea Flex. 2020. "Cardiovascular Disease and SARS-CoV-2: the Role of Host Immune Response Versus Direct Viral Injury" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218141