Impact of Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response as New Adaptive Mechanisms Underlying Old Pathologies: Sarcopenia and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Mitochondrial Proteostasis
1.2. Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response Signaling
1.3. Mitophagy
1.3.1. The PINK1/Parkin Pathway
1.3.2. BNIP3/NIX Pathway
2. Mitophagy and Associated Disorders in Skeletal Muscle
3. UPRmt in Sarcopenia
4. Mitophagy and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
5. UPRmt and NAFLD
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AICAR | 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide |
AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
Atg7 | Autophagy related protein 7 |
Atg12 | Autophagy related protein 12 |
ATP5α | ATP synthase subunit alpha |
ATF-4 | Activating transcription factor 4 |
ATF-5 | Activating transcription factor 5 |
ATFS-1 | Activating transcription factor associated with stress |
BAK | BCL2 homologous antagonist/killer |
BAX | BCL2-like protein 4 |
BNIP3 | BCL2 and adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3 |
BNIP3L | BNIP3-like |
bZIP | Basic leucine zipper |
C26 | Colon-26 carcinoma |
CEBPβ | CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β |
CFCM | Cross-fiber connection mitochondria |
CHF | Congestive heart failure |
CHOP | CEBP Homologous Protein |
ClpP | Caseinolytic protease proteolytic subunit |
ClpXP | ATP-dependent Clp protease ATP-binding subunit ClpX-like |
COPD | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
Crif1 | CR6-interacting factor 1 |
DHA | Docosahexaenoic acid |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
Dve-1 | Homeobox domain-containing protein |
eIF2α | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha |
FA | Fatty acid |
FGF21 | Fibroblast growth factor 21 |
FPM | Fiber parallel mitochondria |
GCN2 | General control non-derepressible 2 kinase |
GDF15 | Growth differentiation factor 15 |
Haf-1 | Matrix peptide exporter |
HFD | High-fat diet |
HFHS | High-fat and high-sucrose |
HRI | Heme-regulated inhibitor kinase |
Hsp10 | Heat shock protein 10 |
Hsp60 | Heat shock protein 60 |
Hsp90 | Heat shock protein 90 |
HT | Hydroxytyrosol |
IMM | Inner mitochondrial membrane |
IMS | Intermembrane space |
IP3R1 | Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor type 1 |
IP3R2 | Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor type 2 |
IRE1 | Inositol-requiring enzyme-1 |
ISR | Integrated stress response |
Jmjd-3.1 | Lysine-specific demethylase (JuMonJi Domain protein) |
LC3 | Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 |
LONP1 | Lon protease 1 |
MAM | Mitochondrial associated ER membrane |
Mfn-2 | Mitofusin 2 |
MPP | Mitochondrial processing peptidase |
MRC | Mitochondrial respiratory chain |
MTCO1 | Mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase 1 |
mTORC1 | Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 |
mtHsp70 | Mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 |
MTS | Mitochondrial targeting sequence |
LCPUFA | Long-chain polyunsaturated FA |
NAFLD | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
NASH | Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis |
NRF-1 | Nuclear respiratory factor 1 |
OMM | Outer mitochondrial membrane |
OPTN | Optineurin protein |
p62 | Classical receptor of autophagy |
PACS-2 | Phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 2 |
PERK | Protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase |
PGC-1α | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha |
PINK1 | PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 |
PKR | Protein kinase RNA-activated |
PPARγ | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma |
PUFA | Polyunsaturated fatty acid |
SIRT1 | Sirtuin 1 |
SIRT3 | Sirtuin 3 |
SREBP-1c | Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c |
TIM | Translocase of the inner membrane |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
TOM | Translocase of the outer membrane |
VDAC | Voltage-dependent anion channel |
XBP1 | X-box-binding protein-1 |
Yme1L1 | Yme1-like 1 ATPase |
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---|---|---|
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Al-Furoukh et al., 2015 [24] | ClpX overexpression in C2C12 mouse myoblasts and HEK293T cells | Upregulation of markers of the UPRmt |
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Urbina-Varela, R.; Castillo, N.; Videla, L.A.; del Campo, A. Impact of Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response as New Adaptive Mechanisms Underlying Old Pathologies: Sarcopenia and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7704. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207704
Urbina-Varela R, Castillo N, Videla LA, del Campo A. Impact of Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response as New Adaptive Mechanisms Underlying Old Pathologies: Sarcopenia and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(20):7704. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207704
Chicago/Turabian StyleUrbina-Varela, Rodrigo, Nataly Castillo, Luis A. Videla, and Andrea del Campo. 2020. "Impact of Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response as New Adaptive Mechanisms Underlying Old Pathologies: Sarcopenia and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 20: 7704. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207704