Scars or Regeneration?—Dermal Fibroblasts as Drivers of Diverse Skin Wound Responses
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Fibroblast Origins and Heterogeneity
2.1. Fibrogenic Fibroblasts Are Defined by Function
2.2. Fibrogenic Fibroblast Functional Subsets Defined by Spatial Location and Surface Markers
2.3. Fibroblastic Cell Plasticity
3. Mechanisms of Skin Scarring
3.1. Granulation Tissue and Myofibroblasts
3.2. Cell–ECM Adhesion
3.3. Cell–Cell Adhesion
3.4. Alternative Model
4. Mechanisms of Scarless Healing
4.1. Regeneration across Developmental Age
4.2. Wound-Induced Hair Follicle Neogenesis (WIHN)
4.3. Scarless Repair of the Oral Mucosa
4.4. Scarless Skin Regeneration in African Spiny Mice (Genus Acomys)
5. Summary and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADAM12 | A disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 12 |
APs | Adipocyte precursor cells |
Dlk1 | Delta like non-canonical Notch ligand 1 |
ENFs | Engrailed-1 lineage negative fibroblasts |
EPFs | Engrailed-1 lineage positive fibroblasts |
FAK | Focal adhesion kinase |
FAP | Fibroblast activation protein |
GAGs | Glycosaminoglycans |
Lrig1 | Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1 |
PDGF | Platelet-derived growth factor |
Prrx1 | Paired-related homeobox 1 |
Shh | Sonic Hedgehog |
ST2 | Suppression of tumorigenicity 2 |
TAZ | Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif |
TGFβ | Transforming growth factor beta |
TIMP | Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases |
WIHN | Wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis |
YAP | Yes-associated protein |
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Fibrotic Subset | Nonfibrotic Subset | Species | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
En1 lineage+ | En1 lineage− | mouse | [13,14] |
Prrx1 enhancer+ | Prrx1 enhancer− | mouse | [15] |
ADAM12+ | mouse | [16] | |
nuclear c-JUN+ | human | [17] | |
Dlk1+ | Lrig1+ | mouse (E16.5) | [12,18] |
CD36+CD90+ | CD39+CD90+ | human | [19] |
FAP-CD90+ | FAP+CD90− | human | [20] |
Sca1+CD34+CD29+ | mouse | [21] | |
CD26+ | mouse | [13,22] |
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Jiang, D.; Rinkevich, Y. Scars or Regeneration?—Dermal Fibroblasts as Drivers of Diverse Skin Wound Responses. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020617
Jiang D, Rinkevich Y. Scars or Regeneration?—Dermal Fibroblasts as Drivers of Diverse Skin Wound Responses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(2):617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020617
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Dongsheng, and Yuval Rinkevich. 2020. "Scars or Regeneration?—Dermal Fibroblasts as Drivers of Diverse Skin Wound Responses" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2: 617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020617
APA StyleJiang, D., & Rinkevich, Y. (2020). Scars or Regeneration?—Dermal Fibroblasts as Drivers of Diverse Skin Wound Responses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(2), 617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020617