Metabolic Roles of Androgen Receptor and Tip60 in Androgen-Dependent Prostate Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Androgen Receptor Activation through Tip60 Interaction
3. Roles of the AR in Prostate Cancer Energy Metabolism
3.1. Molecular Effects of the AR on Glucose Metabolism
3.2. Molecular Effects of the AR on Mitochondrial Function
3.3. Molecular Effects of AR Activation on Lipid Metabolism
4. Roles of Tip60 in Cancer Energy Metabolism
4.1. Molecular Effects of Tip60 on Glucose Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function in Cancer
4.2. Tip60 as Potential Therapeutic Target in Prostate Cancer
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bray, F.; Ferlay, J.; Soerjomataram, I.; Siegel, R.L.; Torre, L.A.; Jemal, A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2018, 68, 394–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kim, E.H.; Andriole, G.L. Prostate-specific antigen-based screening: Controversy and guidelines. BMC Med. 2015, 13, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hussain, M.; Goldman, B.; Tangen, C.; Higano, C.S.; Petrylak, D.P.; Wilding, G.; Akdas, A.M.; Small, E.J.; Donnelly, B.J.; Sundram, S.K.; et al. Prostate-Specific Antigen Progression Predicts Overall Survival in Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Data from Southwest Oncology Group Trials 9346 (Intergroup Study 0162) and 9916. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27, 2450–2456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perlmutter, M.A.; Lepor, H. Androgen Deprivation Therapy in the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer. Rev. Urol. 2007, 9, S3–S8. [Google Scholar]
- Azzouni, F.; Mohler, J. Biology of Castration-Recurrent Prostate Cancer. Urol. Clin. N. Am. 2012, 39, 435–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kirby, M.; Hirst, C.; Crawford, E.D. Characterising the castration-resistant prostate cancer population: A systematic review. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2011, 65, 1180–1192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tennakoon, J.B.; Shi, Y.; Han, J.J.; Tsouko, E.; White, M.A.; Burns, A.R.; Zhang, A.; Xia, X.; Ilkayeva, O.R.; Xin, L.; et al. Androgens regulate prostate cancer cell growth via an AMPK-PGC-1α-mediated metabolic switch. Oncogene 2013, 33, 5251–5261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shafi, A.A.; Putluri, V.; Arnold, J.M.; Tsouko, E.; Maity, S.; Roberts, J.M.; Coarfa, C.; Frigo, D.E.; Putluri, N.; Sreekumar, A.; et al. Differential regulation of metabolic pathways by androgen receptor (AR) and its constitutively active splice variant, AR-V7, in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015, 6, 31997–32012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Massie, C.E.; Lynch, A.G.; Ramos-Montoya, A.; Boren, J.; Stark, R.; Fazli, L.; Warren, A.; Scott, H.; Madhu, B.; Sharma, N.; et al. The androgen receptor fuels prostate cancer by regulating central metabolism and biosynthesis. EMBO J. 2011, 30, 2719–2733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moon, J.; Jin, W.; Kwak, J.; Kim, H.; Yun, M.; Kim, J.-W.; Park, S.W.; Kim, K.-S. Androgen stimulates glycolysis for de novo lipid synthesis by increasing the activities of hexokinase 2 and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 2 in prostate cancer cells. Biochem. J. 2011, 433, 225–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brady, M.E.; Ozanne, D.M.; Gaughan, L.; Waite, I.; Cook, S.; Neal, D.; Robson, C.N. Tip60 Is a Nuclear Hormone Receptor Coactivator. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274, 17599–17604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Patel, J.H.; Du, Y.; Ard, P.G.; Phillips, C.; Carella, B.; Chen, C.J.; Rakowski, C.; Chatterjee, C.; Lieberman, P.M.; Lane, W.S.; et al. The c-MYC oncoprotein is a substrate of the acetyltransferases hGCN5/PCAF and TIP60. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004, 24, 10826–10834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Perez-Perri, J.I.; Dengler, V.L.; Audetat, K.A.; Pandey, A.; Bonner, E.A.; Urh, M.; Mendez, J.; Daniels, D.L.; Wappner, P.; Galbraith, M.D.; et al. The TIP60 Complex Is a Conserved Coactivator of HIF1A. Cell Rep. 2016, 16, 37–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lin, Y.-Y.; Lu, J.-Y.; Zhang, J.; Walter, W.; Dang, W.; Wan, J.; Tao, S.-C.; Qian, J.; Zhao, Y.; Boeke, J.D.; et al. Protein Acetylation Microarray Reveals that NuA4 Controls Key Metabolic Target Regulating Gluconeogenesis. Cell 2009, 136, 1073–1084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- MacLean, H.E.; Warne, G.L.; Zajac, J.D. Localization of functional domains in the androgen receptor. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1997, 62, 233–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gnanapragasam, V.; Robson, C.; Leung, H.Y.; Neal, D. Androgen receptor signalling in the prostate. BJU Int. 2000, 86, 1001–1013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gaughan, L.; Brady, M.E.; Cook, S.; Neal, D.; Robson, C.N. Tip60 Is a Co-activator Specific for Class I Nuclear Hormone Receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 46841–46848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Heery, D.; Kalkhoven, E.; Hoare, S.; Parker, M.G. A signature motif in transcriptional co-activators mediates binding to nuclear receptors. Nature 1997, 387, 733–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, M.; Wang, C.; Reutens, A.T.; Wang, J.; Angeletti, R.H.; Siconolfi-Baez, L.; Ogryzko, V.; Avantaggiati, M.L.; Pestell, R.G. P300 and p300/cAMP-response element-binding protein-associated factor acetylate the androgen receptor at sites governing hormone-dependent transactivation. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 20853–20860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gaughan, L.; Logan, I.R.; Cook, S.; Neal, D.; Robson, C.N. Tip60 and Histone Deacetylase 1 Regulate Androgen Receptor Activity through Changes to the Acetylation Status of the Receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 25904–25913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fu, M.; Liu, M.; Sauve, A.A.; Jiao, X.; Zhang, X.; Wu, X.; Powell, M.J.; Yang, T.; Gu, W.; Avantaggiati, M.L.; et al. Hormonal Control of Androgen Receptor Function through SIRT1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2006, 26, 8122–8135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fu, M.; Wang, C.; Zhang, X.; Pestell, R.G. Acetylation of nuclear receptors in cellular growth and apoptosis. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2004, 68, 1199–1208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shiota, M.; Yokomizo, A.; Masubuchi, D.; Tada, Y.; Inokuchi, J.; Eto, M.; Uchiumi, T.; Fujimoto, N.; Naito, S. Tip60 promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation by translocation of androgen receptor into the nucleus. Prostate 2010, 70, 540–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nantermet, P.V.; Yu, Y.; Hodor, P.; Holder, D.; Adamski, S.; Gentile, M.A.; Kimmel, D.B.; Gerhold, D.; Freedman, L.P.; Xu, J.; et al. Identification of Genetic Pathways Activated by the Androgen Receptor during the Induction of Proliferation in the Ventral Prostate Gland. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279, 1310–1322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Muñoz-Pinedo, C.; Mjiyad, N.E.; Ricci, J.-E. Cancer metabolism: Current perspectives and future directions. Cell Death Dis. 2012, 3, e248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Warburg, O.; Wind, F.; Negelein, E. The Metabolism of Tumors in the Body. J. Gen. Physiol. 1927, 8, 519–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Heiden, M.G.V.; Cantley, L.C.; Thompson, C.B. Understanding the Warburg Effect: The Metabolic Requirements of Cell Proliferation. Science 2009, 324, 1029–1033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, P.; Zhang, N.; Shen, L.; Dong, K.; Wu, M.; Ou, Z.; Shi, D. Redox homeostasis protects mitochondria through accelerating ROS conversion to enhance hypoxia resistance in cancer cells. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 22831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Audet-Walsh, É.; Dufour, C.R.; Yee, T.; Zouanat, F.Z.; Yan, M.; Kalloghlian, G.; Vernier, M.; Caron, M.; Bourque, G.; Scarlata, E.; et al. Nuclear mTOR acts as a transcriptional integrator of the androgen signaling pathway in prostate cancer. Genes Dev. 2017, 31, 1228–1242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Audet-Walsh, E.; Yee, T.; McGuirk, S.; Vernier, M.; Ouellet, C.; St-Pierre, J.; Giguere, V. Androgen-Dependent Repression of ERRgamma Reprograms Metabolism in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res. 2017, 77, 378–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Carrasco-Pozo, C.; Ni Tan, K.; Rodriguez, T.; Avery, V.M. The Molecular Effects of Sulforaphane and Capsaicin on Metabolism upon Androgen and Tip60 Activation of Androgen Receptor. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gonzalez-Menendez, P.; Hevia, D.; Alonso-Arias, R.; Alvarez-Artime, A.; Rodríguez-García, A.; Kinet, S.; Gonzalez-Pola, I.; Taylor, N.; Mayo, J.C.; Sainz, R.M. GLUT1 protects prostate cancer cells from glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress. Redox Biol. 2018, 17, 112–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vaz, C.V.; Marques, R.; Alves, M.G.; Oliveira, P.; Cavaco, J.; Maia, C.J.; Socorro, S. Androgens enhance the glycolytic metabolism and lactate export in prostate cancer cells by modulating the expression of GLUT1, GLUT3, PFK, LDH and MCT4 genes. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2016, 142, 5–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- White, M.A.; Tsouko, E.; Lin, C.; Rajapakshe, K.; Spencer, J.M.; Wilkenfeld, S.; Vakili, S.S.; Pulliam, T.L.; Awad, D.; Nikolos, F.; et al. GLUT12 promotes prostate cancer cell growth and is regulated by androgens and CaMKK2 signaling. Endocr.-Relat. Cancer 2018, 25, 453–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Andrade, B.M.; Cazarin, J.; Zancan, P.; De Carvalho, D.P. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Upregulates Glucose Uptake in Thyroid PCCL3 Cells Independent of Thyrotropin. Thyroid Off. J. Am. Thyroid Assoc. 2012, 22, 1063–1068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, N.; Zheng, B.; Shaywitz, A.; Dagon, Y.; Tower, C.; Bellinger, G.; Shen, C.-H.; Wen, J.; Asara, J.; McGraw, T.E.; et al. AMPK-Dependent Degradation of TXNIP upon Energy Stress Leads to Enhanced Glucose Uptake via GLUT1. Mol. Cell 2013, 49, 1167–1175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Denko, N.C. Hypoxia, HIF1 and glucose metabolism in the solid tumour. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2008, 8, 705–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naftalin, R.J.; Afzal, I.; Cunningham, P.; Halai, M.; Ross, C.; Salleh, N.; Milligan, S.R. Interactions of androgens, green tea catechins and the antiandrogen flutamide with the external glucose-binding site of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter GLUT1. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 140, 487–499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sampson, N.; Neuwirt, H.; Puhr, M.; Klocker, H.; Eder, I.E. In Vitro model systems to study androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Endocr.-Relat. Cancer 2013, 20, R49–R64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dehm, S.M.; Tindall, N.J. Alternatively spliced androgen receptor variants. Endocr.-Relat. Cancer 2011, 18, R183–R196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Steketee, K.; Timmerman, L.; Made, A.C.Z.-V.D.; Doesburg, P.; Brinkmann, A.O.; Trapman, J. Broadened ligand responsiveness of androgen receptor mutants obtained by random amino acid substitution of H874 and mutation hot spot T877 in prostate cancer. Int. J. Cancer 2002, 100, 309–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bader, D.A.; Hartig, S.M.; Putluri, V.; Foley, C.; Hamilton, M.P.; Smith, E.A.; Saha, P.K.; Panigrahi, A.; Walker, C.M.; Zong, L.; et al. Mitochondrial pyruvate import is a metabolic vulnerability in androgen receptor-driven prostate cancer. Nat. Metab. 2018, 1, 70–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frigo, D.E.; Howe, M.K.; Wittmann, B.M.; Brunner, A.M.; Cushman, I.; Wang, Q.; Brown, M.; Means, A.R.; McDonnell, D.P. CaM kinase kinase beta-mediated activation of the growth regulatory kinase AMPK is required for androgen-dependent migration of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2011, 71, 528–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Karacosta, L.G.; Foster, B.A.; Azabdaftari, G.; Feliciano, D.M.; Edelman, A.M. A regulatory feedback loop between Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) and the androgen receptor in prostate cancer progression. J. Boil. Chem. 2012, 287, 24832–24843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Anderson, K.A.; Ribar, T.J.; Lin, F.; Noeldner, P.K.; Green, M.F.; Muehlbauer, M.J.; Witters, L.A.; Kemp, B.E.; Means, A.R. Hypothalamic CaMKK2 Contributes to the Regulation of Energy Balance. Cell Metab. 2008, 7, 377–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xu, Y.; Chen, S.; Ross, K.N.; Balk, S.P. Androgens Induce Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation through Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Activation and Post-transcriptional Increases in Cyclin D Proteins. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 7783–7792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Swinnen, J.V.; Esquenet, M.; Goossens, K.; Heyns, W.; Verhoeven, G. Androgens stimulate fatty acid synthase in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Cancer Res. 1997, 57, 1086–1090. [Google Scholar]
- Audet-Walsh, É.; Vernier, M.; Yee, T.; Laflamme, C.; Li, S.; Chen, Y.; Giguère, V. SREBF1 Activity Is Regulated by an AR/mTOR Nuclear Axis in Prostate Cancer. Mol. Cancer Res. 2018, 16, 1396–1405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, W.-C.; Li, X.; Liu, J.; Lin, J.; Chung, L.W.K. Activation of androgen receptor, lipogenesis, and oxidative stress converged by SREBP-1 is responsible for regulating growth and progression of prostate cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Res. 2012, 10, 133–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wu, X.; Daniels, G.; Lee, P.; Monaco, M.E. Lipid metabolism in prostate cancer. Am. J. Clin. Exp. Urol. 2014, 2, 111–120. [Google Scholar]
- Tang, Y.; Luo, J.; Zhang, W.; Gu, W. Tip60-Dependent Acetylation of p53 Modulates the Decision between Cell-Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis. Mol. Cell 2006, 24, 827–839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fang, X.; Lu, G.; Ha, K.; Lin, H.; Du, Y.; Zuo, Q.; Fu, Y.; Zou, C.; Zhang, P. Acetylation of TIP60 at K104 is essential for metabolic stress-induced apoptosis in cells of hepatocellular cancer. Exp. Cell Res. 2018, 362, 279–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, S.-H.; Ozden, O.; Liu, G.; Song, H.Y.; Zhu, Y.; Yan, Y.; Zou, X.; Kang, H.-J.; Jiang, H.; Principe, D.R.; et al. SIRT2-Mediated Deacetylation and Tetramerization of Pyruvate Kinase Directs Glycolysis and Tumor Growth. Cancer Res. 2016, 76, 3802–3812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Marbaniang, C.; Kma, L. Dysregulation of Glucose Metabolism by Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors in Cancer Cells. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2018, 19, 2377–2390. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Dejure, F.R.; Eilers, M. MYC and tumor metabolism: Chicken and egg. EMBO J. 2017, 36, 3409–3420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dang, C.V.; Le, A.; Gao, P. MYC-Induced Cancer Cell Energy Metabolism and Therapeutic Opportunities. Clin. Cancer Res. 2009, 15, 6479–6483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, J.-W.; Tchernyshyov, I.; Semenza, G.L.; Dang, C.V. HIF-1-mediated expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase: A metabolic switch required for cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Cell Metab. 2006, 3, 177–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, J.-W.; Gao, P.; Liu, Y.-C.; Semenza, G.L.; Dang, C.V. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 and Dysregulated c-Myc Cooperatively Induce Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Metabolic Switches Hexokinase 2 and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2007, 27, 7381–7393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wilson, J. Isozymes of mammalian hexokinase: Structure, subcellular localization and metabolic function. J. Exp. Biol. 2003, 206, 2049–2057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mathupala, S.P.; Ko, Y.H.; Pedersen, P.L. Hexokinase II: Cancer’s double-edged sword acting as both facilitator and gatekeeper of malignancy when bound to mitochondria. Oncogene 2006, 25, 4777–4786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mathupala, S.P.; Ko, Y.H.; Pedersen, P.L. Hexokinase-2 bound to mitochondria: Cancer’s stygian link to the “Warburg effect” and a pivotal target for effective therapy. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2009, 19, 17–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pastorino, J.G.; Shulga, N.; Hoek, J.B. Mitochondrial Binding of Hexokinase II Inhibits Bax-induced Cytochrome c Release and Apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 7610–7618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Miao, P.; Sheng, S.; Sun, X.; Liu, J.; Huang, G. Lactate dehydrogenase a in cancer: A promising target for diagnosis and therapy. IUBMB Life 2013, 65, 904–910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Osthus, R.C.; Shim, H.; Kim, S.; Li, Q.; Reddy, R.; Mukherjee, M.; Xu, Y.; Wonsey, D.; Lee, L.A.; Dang, C.V. Deregulation of Glucose Transporter 1 and Glycolytic Gene Expression by c-Myc. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 21797–21800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Singh, D.; Arora, S.; Kaur, P.; Singh, B.; Mannan, R.; Arora, S. Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor and metabolic pathways: Possible targets of cancer. Cell Biosci. 2017, 7, 62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Soni, S.; Padwad, Y.S. HIF-1 in cancer therapy: Two decade long story of a transcription factor. Acta Oncol. 2017, 56, 503–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jun, J.C.; Rathore, A.; Younas, H.; Gilkes, D.; Polotsky, V.Y. Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and Cancer. Curr. Sleep Med. Rep. 2017, 3, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Marín-Hernández, A.; Gallardo-Pérez, J.; Ralph, S.J.; Rodríguez-Enríquez, S.; Moreno-Sánchez, R. HIF-1α Modulates Energy Metabolism in Cancer Cells by Inducing Over-Expression of Specific Glycolytic Isoforms. Mini-Rev. Med. Chem. 2009, 9, 1084–1101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- DeNicola, G.; Cantley, L.C. Cancer’s Fuel Choice: New Flavors for a Picky Eater. Mol. Cell 2015, 60, 514–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lu, H.; Forbes, R.A.; Verma, A. Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 Activation by Aerobic Glycolysis Implicates the Warburg Effect in Carcinogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 23111–23115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Carmeliet, P. VEGF as a Key Mediator of Angiogenesis in Cancer. Oncology 2005, 69, 4–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Desideri, E.; Vegliante, R.; Ciriolo, M.R. Mitochondrial dysfunctions in cancer: Genetic defects and oncogenic signaling impinging on TCA cycle activity. Cancer Lett. 2015, 356, 217–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Naidu, S.R.; Lakhter, A.J.; Androphy, E.J. PIASy-mediated Tip60 sumoylation regulates p53-induced autophagy. Cell Cycle 2012, 11, 2717–2728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xu, Y.; Liao, R.; Li, N.; Xiang, R.; Sun, P. Phosphorylation of Tip60 by p38α regulates p53-mediated PUMA induction and apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Oncotarget 2014, 5, 12555–12572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sykes, S.M.; Mellert, H.S.; Holbert, M.A.; Li, K.; Marmorstein, R.; Lane, W.S.; McMahon, S.B. Acetylation of the p53 DNA-Binding Domain Regulates Apoptosis Induction. Mol. Cell 2006, 24, 841–851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Levine, A.J.; Momand, J.; Finlay, C.A. The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Nature 1991, 351, 453–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aubrey, B.J.; Kelly, G.L.; Janic, A.; Herold, M.J.; Strasser, A. How does p53 induce apoptosis and how does this relate to p53-mediated tumour suppression? Cell Death Differ. 2018, 25, 104–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nakano, K.; Vousden, K.H. PUMA, a Novel Proapoptotic Gene, Is Induced by p53. Mol. Cell 2001, 7, 683–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGuire, A.; Casey, M.C.; Shalaby, A.; Kalinina, O.; Curran, C.; Webber, M.; Callagy, G.; Holian, E.; Bourke, E.; Kerin, M.J.; et al. Quantifying Tip60 (Kat5) stratifies breast cancer. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 3819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Judes, G.; Rifaï, K.; Ngollo, M.; Daures, M.; Bignon, Y.-J.; Penault-Llorca, F.; Bernard-Gallon, D. A bivalent role of TIP60 histone acetyl transferase in human cancer. Epigenomics 2015, 7, 1351–1363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Dong, C. Gluconeogenesis in Cancer: Function and Regulation of PEPCK, FBPase, and G6Pase. Trends Cancer 2019, 5, 30–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Leithner, K. PEPCK in cancer cell starvation. Oncoscience 2015, 2, 805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Montal, E.D.; Dewi, R.; Bhalla, K.; Ou, L.; Hwang, B.J.; Ropell, A.E.; Gordon, C.; Liu, W.-J.; DeBerardinis, R.J.; Sudderth, J.; et al. PEPCK Coordinates the Regulation of Central Carbon Metabolism to Promote Cancer Cell Growth. Mol. Cell 2015, 60, 571–583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Vincent, E.E.; Sergushichev, A.; Griss, T.; Gingras, M.-C.; Samborska, B.; Ntimbane, T.; Coelho, P.P.; Blagih, J.; Raissi, T.C.; Choinière, L.; et al. Mitochondrial Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Regulates Metabolic Adaptation and Enables Glucose-Independent Tumor Growth. Mol. Cell 2015, 60, 195–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, W.; Lu, Z. Pyruvate kinase M2 at a glance. J. Cell Sci. 2015, 128, 1655–1660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Israelsen, W.J.; Heiden, M.G.V. Pyruvate kinase: Function, regulation and role in cancer. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2015, 43, 43–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Amin, S.; Yang, P.; Li, Z. Pyruvate kinase M2: A multifarious enzyme in non-canonical localization to promote cancer progression. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer 2019, 1871, 331–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lv, L.; Xu, Y.-P.; Zhao, D.; Li, F.-L.; Wang, W.; Sasaki, N.; Jiang, Y.; Zhou, X.; Li, T.-T.; Guan, K.-L.; et al. Mitogenic and Oncogenic Stimulation of K433 Acetylation Promotes PKM2 Protein Kinase Activity and Nuclear Localization. Mol. Cell 2013, 52, 340–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Halkidou, K.; Gnanapragasam, V.J.; Mehta, P.B.; Logan, I.R.; Brady, M.E.; Cook, S.; Leung, H.Y.; Neal, D.; Robson, C.N. Expression of Tip60, an androgen receptor coactivator, and its role in prostate cancer development. Oncogene 2003, 22, 2466–2477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Coffey, K.; Blackburn, T.J.; Cook, S.; Golding, B.T.; Griffin, R.J.; Hardcastle, I.R.; Hewitt, L.; Huberman, K.; McNeill, H.V.; Newell, D.R.; et al. Characterisation of a Tip60 Specific Inhibitor, NU9056, in Prostate Cancer. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e45539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruggero, K.; Farran-Matas, S.; Martinez-Tebar, A.; Aytes, A. Epigenetic Regulation in Prostate Cancer Progression. Curr. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2018, 4, 101–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cregan, S.; McDonagh, L.; Gao, Y.; Barr, M.P.; O’Byrne, K.J.; Finn, S.P.; Cuffe, S.; Gray, S.G. KAT5 (Tip60) is a potential therapeutic target in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Int. J. Oncol. 2016, 48, 1290–1296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xie, X.; Xu, Z.; Wang, C.; Fang, C.; Zhao, J.; Xu, L.; Qian, X.; Dai, J.; Sun, F.; Xu, D.; et al. Tip60 is associated with resistance to X-ray irradiation in prostate cancer. FEBS Open Bio 2018, 8, 271–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tan, K.N.; Avery, V.M.; Carrasco-Pozo, C. Metabolic Roles of Androgen Receptor and Tip60 in Androgen-Dependent Prostate Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 6622. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186622
Tan KN, Avery VM, Carrasco-Pozo C. Metabolic Roles of Androgen Receptor and Tip60 in Androgen-Dependent Prostate Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(18):6622. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186622
Chicago/Turabian StyleTan, Kah Ni, Vicky M. Avery, and Catalina Carrasco-Pozo. 2020. "Metabolic Roles of Androgen Receptor and Tip60 in Androgen-Dependent Prostate Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18: 6622. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186622