Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review Investigating miRNA Families Involved
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Functional and Neurological Implications of the Spinal Cord Injury
2.1. Traumatic SCI: Clinical Findings
2.2. Evaluating Tools
2.2.1. Frankel Scale
2.2.2. ASIA Scale
2.2.3. Barthel Index
2.2.4. Functional Independence Measure
3. Pathophysiology of the Spinal Cord Injury
3.1. Primary Mechanisms
3.2. Secondary Mechanisms
3.3. SCI-Related Pathways
4. Management of the Spinal Cord Injury
4.1. General Management
4.2. The NASCIS Era and Its Legacy
4.3. Surgical Decompression and Treatment of the Vertebral Bony Associated Lesions
5. Focused Postmortem Techniques of the Human Brain and Spinal Cord
5.1. Removal of the Human Brain and Spinal Cord
5.2. Dissection of the Human Brain and Spinal Cord
5.3. Selection of Tissue Blocks for Histologic Examination
6. Animal Models for the Understanding of SCI
Protocol of Study
7. The Role of miRNA after SCI
7.1. miRNAS: Stucture and Function
7.2. miR-20a and miR-29b
7.3. miR-223
7.4. mir-21
7.5. mir-15 and mir-16
7.6. miR-124
7.7. miR-200c
7.8. miR-486
7.9. Let-7
7.10. miR-96 and miR146a
7.11. miR-107
7.12. miR-1
7.13. miR-129
8. The Future of SCI-Related miRNAs
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SCI | Spinal cord injury |
CS | Cervical spine |
TS | Thoracic spine |
LS | Lumbar spine |
BSB | Blood–Spinal–Barrier |
ICU | Intensive care unit |
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ID | Model | Expression | Experimental Setup | Method | Site of Injury | Targets | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mir20a mir29b | Adult female C57BL/6 mice | mir20 upregulated mir-29b downregulated | Injection of mir20a and mir-29b in two animal groups of during SCI | Contusive | T10 | downregulation of antiapoptotic myeloid cell leukemia sequence-1 (Mcl-1) and up-regulating proapoptotic BH3-only proteins. | [109] |
mir-223 | Adult male Sprague Dawley rats | upregulated | 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after SCI | Contusive | T8 | the injection of antagomir-223 reduced Bax and caspase-3 expression levels, ultimately reducing cell apoptosis | [115] |
Male C57BL/6 mice | upregulated | 12 h after SCI | Compressing the cord laterally from both sides for 10 s with a number 5 forceps | T11–12 | miRNA-223 may reflect inflammatory responses | [117] | |
Adult male C57BL/6 mice | upregulated | from 6 to 12 h after SCI | Compressing the cord laterally from both sides for 10 s with a number 5 forceps | T11 | miR-223 is expressed in neutrophils that relate to the inflammation in the epicenter after SCI, and inflammatory cytokines were also highly expressed within the same range. | [116] | |
mir-21 | Adult female SD rats | upregulated | 4 h, 1 day, and 7 days after SCI | Contusive | T10 | Inflammation, oxidation and apoptosis | [105] |
Adult female Wistar rats | upregulated | 1, 3, and 7 days after SCI | Contusive | T8 | TPM1, PTEN [148], PDCD4 [98], proapoptotic [149] | [106] | |
Male Sprague Dawley rats | upregulated | 4 and 14 days after SCI | Contusive | T12–T13 | Suppression of miR21 has been shown to cause apoptosis in both cortical progenitor cells and gliomas | [124] | |
mir-15 mir-16 | Adult female Sprague Dawley rats | downregulated | 12 h after SCI | Compressing the cord laterally from both sides for 10 s with a number 5 forceps | T9–T10 | Target genes: proapoptotic (decreased PTEN, PDCD4 and RAS mRNA) and antiapoptotic (increased Bcl-2 mRNA). Down regulation of mRNA for caspase-7 and caspase-9 and reduced levels of caspase-7 protein. | [136] |
mir-124 | Male C57BL/6 mice | downregulated | 12 h after SCI | Compressing the cord laterally from both sides for 10 s with a number 5 forceps | T11–12 | reduce the activation of microglial cells, reducing MHC-II, TNFa and ROS production in bone marrow derived macrophages | [117] |
mir-486 | Adult female ICR mice | upregulated | 0, 1, 2, 3 and 7 days after SCI | Transection | T11 | miR-486 targets NeuroD6 and reflects apoptosis | [147] |
mir-96 mir146a | Adult female SD rats | upregulated | 4 h, 1 day, and 7 days after SCI | Contusive | T10 | apoptosis through the concomitant increase in expression of the proapoptotic proteins caspase3 | [105] |
mir-107 | Adult female SD rats | upregulated | 4 h, 1 day, and 7 days after SCI | Contusive | T10 | Apoptosis | [105] |
mir-1 | Adult female SD rats | upregulation | 4 h, 1 day, and 7 days after SCI | Contusive | T10 | Inflammation, oxidation and apoptosis | [105] |
mir-129 | Male Sprague Dawley rats | downregulated | 4 and 14 d after SCI | Contusive | T12–T13 | cell cycle, cell proliferation, cell differentiation | [124] |
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Pinchi, E.; Frati, A.; Cantatore, S.; D’Errico, S.; La Russa, R.; Maiese, A.; Palmieri, M.; Pesce, A.; Viola, R.V.; Frati, P.; et al. Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review Investigating miRNA Families Involved. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 1841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081841
Pinchi E, Frati A, Cantatore S, D’Errico S, La Russa R, Maiese A, Palmieri M, Pesce A, Viola RV, Frati P, et al. Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review Investigating miRNA Families Involved. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(8):1841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081841
Chicago/Turabian StylePinchi, Enrica, Alessandro Frati, Santina Cantatore, Stefano D’Errico, Raffaele La Russa, Aniello Maiese, Mauro Palmieri, Alessandro Pesce, Rocco Valerio Viola, Paola Frati, and et al. 2019. "Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review Investigating miRNA Families Involved" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 8: 1841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081841