Microcirculatory Changes in Experimental Models of Stroke and CNS-Injury Induced Immunodepression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke
2.1. Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model
2.2. Photothrombotic Stroke Model
2.3. Endothelin-1 Model
2.4. Hypoxia-Ischemia Model
3. Cerebral Microcirculation in Experimental Stroke
3.1. Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model
3.2. Photothrombotic Stroke Model
3.3. Endothelin-1 Model
3.4. Hypoxia-Ischemia Model
4. Peripheral Immune Response
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CNS | Central nervous system |
DALYs | Disability-adjusted life-years |
HPA | Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal |
SNS | Sympathetic nervous system |
CIDS | CNS injury-induced immunodepression syndrome |
MCAO | Middle cerebral artery occlusion |
ICA | Internal carotid artery |
MCA | Middle cerebral artery |
SAH | Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
PTS | Photothrombotic stroke |
CBF | Cerebral blood flow |
BBB | Blood-brain barrier |
ET-1 | Endothelin-1 |
HI | Hypoxia-ischemia |
CCA | Common carotid artery |
ECA | External carotid artery |
CBV | Cerebral blood volume |
ACA | Anterior cerebral artery |
CCs | Collateral channels |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
IL-1β | Interleukin-1β |
NK | Natural killer |
IFN-γ | Interferon-γ |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor alpha |
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Model | Findings | References |
---|---|---|
MCAO | Long-lasting depression of cell-mediated immunity resulting in spontaneous bacterial infection | [13] |
Reduced production of IFN-γ by impaired NK and T cells | [13] | |
Reduction in activation of T cells and loss of T and B cells in the spleen and thymus | [115] | |
Rapid decline in NK cells in the spleen and spleen atrophy in acute phase of stroke | [113] | |
Blockage of adrenergic and HPA axis innervation of NK cells in the periphery enhanced immune defense mediated by NK cells | [113] | |
Pharmacological inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) enhanced cellular immune responses following MCAO | [13] | |
HI | Reduction in the number of adhering leukocytes in intestinal microcirculation | [116] |
Decrease in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines | [116] | |
HI and ET-1 | Impairment of leukocyte–endothelial interactions in intestinal microcirculation | [117] |
Increase in infarct size correlated with a weaker immune response | [117] |
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Lunardi Baccetto, S.; Lehmann, C. Microcirculatory Changes in Experimental Models of Stroke and CNS-Injury Induced Immunodepression. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205184
Lunardi Baccetto S, Lehmann C. Microcirculatory Changes in Experimental Models of Stroke and CNS-Injury Induced Immunodepression. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):5184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205184
Chicago/Turabian StyleLunardi Baccetto, Sarah, and Christian Lehmann. 2019. "Microcirculatory Changes in Experimental Models of Stroke and CNS-Injury Induced Immunodepression" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20: 5184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205184