Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Metabolic Properties of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols: Clinical Implications for Vitamin E Supplementation in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Diabetes, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation
2.1. Diabetic Kidney Disease
2.2. Oxidative Stress
2.3. Pro-Inflammatory Status
3. Diabetic Nephropathy and Vitamin E
3.1. Vitamin E and Diabetic Nephropathy: Clinical Evidence
3.2. Vitamin E and Diabetic Nephropathy: Antioxidants and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms
3.3. Vitamin E and Diabetic Nephropathy: Metabolic Mechanisms
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ASCVD | Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease |
LDL | Low-density lipoprotein |
IU | International Unit |
DKD | Diabetic kidney disease |
MICRO-HOPE | Microalbuminuria, Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes–Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation |
ESRD | End-stage renal disease |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
AGEs | Advanced glycation end products |
PKC | Protein kinase C |
NFκB | Nuclear factor κB |
e-NOS | Endothelial-nitric oxide synthase |
vWF | Von Willebrand factor |
PAI-1 | Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 |
RAGEs | Receptors for advanced glycation end products |
IL-1 | Interleukin-1 |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-α |
VCAM-1 | Vascular adhesion molecular-1 |
ICAM-1 | Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 |
MCP-1 | Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 |
RCTs | Randomized controlled trials |
HOMA | Homeostasis Model Assessment |
FMD | Flow-mediated dilation |
SMD | Standardized mean difference |
Hp | Haptoglobin genotype |
MMP | Matrix metalloproteinase |
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Authors | Year | Study Design | Population | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mune et al. [22] | 2018 | Prospective | Diabetic and non-diabetic patients with ESRD | Amelioration of endothelial function in diabetic subjects |
Bolignano et al. [24] | 2017 | Meta-analysis | Type 1 and type 2 diabetes with DKD | Reduction of albuminuria; no effects on GFR |
Gaede et al. [25] | 2001 | RCT | Type 2 diabetes with DKD | Reduction of albuminuria |
Tan et al. [26] | 2018 | RCT | Type 2 diabetes with DKD | Reduction of serum creatinine; no effects on proteinuria |
Aghadavod et al. [28] | 2018 | RCT | Type 1 and type 2 diabetes with DKD | Positive effects on lipid profile; no evaluation on renal function |
Baburao et al. [29] | 2012 | n-RCT | Type 1 and type 2 diabetes with or without DKD and/or other vascular complications | Positive effects on the development and progression of vascular complications |
Giannini et al. [32] | 2007 | RCT | Type 1 diabetes with microalbuminuria | Positive effects on oxidative stress; no effects on albuminuria |
Bursell et al. [33] | 1999 | RCT | Type 1 diabetes | Positive effects on creatinine clearance |
Rezaei et al. [34] | 2016 | RCT | Diabetic and non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing contrast medium administration | Reduced incidence of contrast-medium induced kidney injury |
Khatami et al. [35] | 2016 | RCT | Type 2 diabetes with DKD | Reduction of proteinuria, oxidative and inflammatory markers |
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Di Vincenzo, A.; Tana, C.; El Hadi, H.; Pagano, C.; Vettor, R.; Rossato, M. Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Metabolic Properties of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols: Clinical Implications for Vitamin E Supplementation in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205101
Di Vincenzo A, Tana C, El Hadi H, Pagano C, Vettor R, Rossato M. Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Metabolic Properties of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols: Clinical Implications for Vitamin E Supplementation in Diabetic Kidney Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):5101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205101
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Vincenzo, Angelo, Claudio Tana, Hamza El Hadi, Claudio Pagano, Roberto Vettor, and Marco Rossato. 2019. "Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Metabolic Properties of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols: Clinical Implications for Vitamin E Supplementation in Diabetic Kidney Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20: 5101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205101