Physiological, Hormonal and Metabolic Responses of two Alfalfa Cultivars with Contrasting Responses to Drought
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Preliminary Study
2.2. Water Limitation Effects on Plant Growth
2.3. Hormones
2.4. Amino Acids and Sugars
3. Discussion
3.1. Drought Induces Different Agrophysiological Responses between Cultivars
3.2. Drought Caused Hormonal Reorchestration at the Whole Plant Level
3.3. Drought Induces Lower N2 Fixation, and Cultivar Differences could be Explained by N Feedback
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material and Experimental Design
4.2. Gas Exchange and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Determinations
4.3. Hormone Profiling
4.4. Free Amino Acid and Sugar Determinations
4.5. Carbon and Nitrogen Content
4.6. Carbon 13C Discrimination and Oxygen Isotopic Composition Analyses (Δ13C and δ18O Respectively)
4.7. Statistics
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
N | Nitrogen |
BNF | Biological nitrogen fixation |
C | Carbon |
ABA | Abscisic acid |
RWC | Relative water content |
A | Photosynthetic rates |
E | Transpiration |
gs | Stomatal conductance |
Ci | Substomatic CO2 concentration |
SA | Salicylic acid |
JA | Jasmonic acid |
Z | Trans-zeatin |
ZR | Trans-zeatin riboside |
IAA | Indole-3-acetic acid |
GA1 | Gibberellin 1 |
GA4 | Gibberellin 4 |
IPA | Isopentenyl adenosine |
2iP | Isopentenyl adenine |
DW | Dry weight |
∆13C | Carbon isotope discrimination |
Δ18O | Oxygen isotope ratio |
WUE | Water use efficiency |
SS | Sucrose synthase |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
GABA | Gamma-aminobutyric acid |
Asn | Asparagine |
Asp | Aspartic acid |
Glu | Glutamic acid |
Pro | Proline |
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Leaves | Root | Nodule | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
San Isidro | Zhong Mu | San Isidro | Zhong Mu | San Isidro | Zhong Mu | |||||||
WW | WS | WW | WS | WW | WS | WW | WS | WW | WS | WW | WS | |
Asp | 0.76 b | 0.45 c | 0.97 a | 0.71 b | 0.86 a | 0.55 b | 0.69 b | 0.60 b | 1.07 | 1.24 | 1.31 | 1.01 |
Glu | 2.05 a | 0.92 b | 2.37 a | 1.03 b | 1.23 a | 0.75 c | 0.97 ab | 0.86 bc | 4.56 | 3.70 | 4.49 | 3.41 |
Ser | 1.51 | 1.65 | 1.73 | 1.56 | 0.98 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.76 | 0.84 b | 1.55 a | 0.97 b | 1.12 b |
Asn | 9.88 a | 3.62 c | 7.80 b | 5.07 bc | 56.92 b | 44.20 b | 92.02 a | 59.29 b | 138.73 ab | 150.90 ab | 108.41 b | 179.55 a |
Gly | 0.50 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.62 | 1.39 a | 0.79 b | 0.99 b | 0.84 b | 0.81 ab | 1.01 a | 0.72 b | 0.84 ab |
Gln | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.62 | 0.68 | 0.70 | 0.88 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.81 | 1.20 | 1.13 | 1.19 |
His | 0.24 ab | 0.26 ab | 0.21 b | 0.30 a | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.38 b | 1.06 a | 0.50 b | 0.85 a |
Thr | 0.97 | 1.60 | 1.51 | 2.03 | 0.93 | 1.25 | 0.88 | 1.11 | 0.77 b | 1.43 a | 0.75 b | 0.95 b |
Ala | 27.16 a | 23.80 b | 23.43 b | 24.54 b | 8.73 | 8.34 | 10.79 | 10.00 | 19.75 | 19.05 | 21.42 | 26.16 |
Arg | 1.26 | 1.82 | 1.40 | 1.98 | 1.20 | 1.46 | 0.85 | 1.28 | 0.51 bc | 1.05 a | 0.48 c | 0.85 ab |
GABA | 1.16 | 1.68 | 1.29 | 1.77 | 1.03 c | 2.85 a | 0.79 c | 1.83 b | 1.25 b | 3.29 a | 1.11 b | 2.56 a |
Pro | 1.47 b | 5.83 a | 1.56 b | 5.64 a | 3.16 b | 9.98 a | 3.67 b | 12.40 a | 1.80 b | 18.93 a | 2.60 b | 19.86 a |
Tyr | 0.55 | 0.60 | 0.53 | 0.69 | 0.36 b | 0.43 a | 0.37 b | 0.38 b | 0.56 c | 1.05 a | 0.54 c | 0.81 b |
Val | 0.56 b | 0.78 ab | 0.56 b | 0.91 b | 0.31 c | 0.62 a | 0.32 c | 0.54 b | 0.53 b | 1.70 a | 0.54 b | 1.24 a |
Met | 0.40 ab | 0.46 ab | 0.39 b | 0.55 a | 0.33 a | 0.34 b | 0.26 ac | 0.29 c | 0.35 b | 0.51 a | 0.36 b | 0.40 b |
Ile | 0.54 ab | 0.69 ab | 0.51 b | 0.77 a | 0.33 bc | 0.48 a | 0.32 c | 0.37 b | 0.58 c | 1.62 a | 0.57 c | 1.09 b |
Leu | 0.86 | 1.08 | 0.84 | 1.29 | 0.30 b | 0.49 a | 0.29 b | 0.35 b | 0.57 c | 1.50 a | 0.54 c | 0.97 b |
Lys | 0.45 | 0.63 | 0.42 | 0.84 | 0.06 c | 0.21 a | 0.05 c | 0.12b | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Phe | 0.68 ab | 0.77 ab | 0.59 b | 0.90 a | 0.36 c | 0.49 ab | 0.37 bc | 0.43 a | 0.54 c | 1.26 a | 0.53 c | 0.90 b |
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Soba, D.; Zhou, B.; Arrese-Igor, C.; Munné-Bosch, S.; Aranjuelo, I. Physiological, Hormonal and Metabolic Responses of two Alfalfa Cultivars with Contrasting Responses to Drought. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205099
Soba D, Zhou B, Arrese-Igor C, Munné-Bosch S, Aranjuelo I. Physiological, Hormonal and Metabolic Responses of two Alfalfa Cultivars with Contrasting Responses to Drought. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):5099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205099
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoba, David, Bangwei Zhou, Cesar Arrese-Igor, Sergi Munné-Bosch, and Iker Aranjuelo. 2019. "Physiological, Hormonal and Metabolic Responses of two Alfalfa Cultivars with Contrasting Responses to Drought" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20: 5099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205099