Green Tea Polyphenol (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Attenuates Neuroinflammation in Palmitic Acid-Stimulated BV-2 Microglia and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. EGCG Attenuates Lipid Accumulation and Inflammatory Responses in PA-Stimulated BV-2 Cells
2.2. EGCG Suppresses Phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 in PA-Stimulated BV-2 Cells
2.3. EGCG Ameliorates HFD Induced Obesity
2.4. EGCG Alleviates the Obesity-Associated Neuroinflammation of the Hypothalamus
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. BV-2 Cell Culture and Treatment
4.3. Oil Red O Staining
4.4. Animals
4.5. Collection of Serum and Tissue Samples
4.6. H&E Staining
4.7. Western Blot Analysis
4.8. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
4.9. Immunofluorescence
4.10. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AgRP | Agouti-related neuropeptide |
ARC | Arcuate nucleus |
CNS | Central nervous system |
DIO | Diet-induced obesity |
EGCG | (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate |
HFD | High-fat diet |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
IL-1β | Interleukin 1-beta |
JAK2 | Janus kinase 2 |
PA | Palmitic acid |
POMC | Proopiomelanocortin |
PVN | Paraventricular nucleus |
SFA | Saturated fatty acids |
STAT3 | Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
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Serum Biochemical Indices | NCD | NCD + EGCG | HFD | HFD + EGCG |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.93 ± 0.57 c | 6.02 ± 0.48 c | 8.82 ± 0.66 a | 6.78 ± 0.34 b |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.16 ± 0.15 b | 1.24 ± 0.11 b | 1.38 ± 0.14 a | 1.15 ± 0.19 b |
TC (mmol/L) | 3.10 ± 0.25 c | 2.91 ± 0.15 c | 4.36 ± 0.43 a | 3.44 ± 0.16 b |
HDL (mmol/L) | 2.96 ± 0.34 a | 2.75 ± 0.16 a | 2.89 ± 0.29 a | 3.14 ± 0.30 a |
LDL (mmol/L) | 0.31 ± 0.09 a | 0.29 ± 0.03 a | 0.39 ± 0.11 a | 0.24 ± 0.08 a |
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Mao, L.; Hochstetter, D.; Yao, L.; Zhao, Y.; Zhou, J.; Wang, Y.; Xu, P. Green Tea Polyphenol (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Attenuates Neuroinflammation in Palmitic Acid-Stimulated BV-2 Microglia and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205081
Mao L, Hochstetter D, Yao L, Zhao Y, Zhou J, Wang Y, Xu P. Green Tea Polyphenol (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Attenuates Neuroinflammation in Palmitic Acid-Stimulated BV-2 Microglia and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):5081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205081
Chicago/Turabian StyleMao, Limin, Danielle Hochstetter, Liyun Yao, Yueling Zhao, Jihong Zhou, Yuefei Wang, and Ping Xu. 2019. "Green Tea Polyphenol (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Attenuates Neuroinflammation in Palmitic Acid-Stimulated BV-2 Microglia and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20: 5081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205081