Insulin Receptor Trafficking: Consequences for Insulin Sensitivity and Diabetes
Abstract
:1. Overview of Insulin Receptor (INSR) Signaling Regulation
2. Ligand-Dependent INSR Activation
3. Ligand-Dependent INSR Endocytosis: A Spatial Modulator of INSR Signaling
3.1. Clathrin-Mediated INSR Endocytosis
3.2. Clathrin-Independent INSR Endocytosis
3.3. Candidate Regulators of INSR Endocytosis
4. INSR Endosomal Sorting: The Fate of INSR
4.1. INSR Trafficking
4.2. Regulation of INSR Recycling
4.3. Nuclear Translocation of Internalized INSR
5. INSR Trafficking and Diabetes
5.1. Alteration of INSR Trafficking in Insulin Resistance
5.2. Alterations of INSR in Insulin Resistance
5.3. Disturbance of the INSR Recycling Process: A Possible Initiator of T2DM and a Promising Therapeutic Target
6. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Condition | Study | Mutation | References |
---|---|---|---|
Type A Insulin Resistance Syndrome | Case Study | Missense Mutation | [88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97] |
Case Study | Splice Site Mutation | [98,99] | |
Case Study | Nonsense Mutation | [100,101] | |
Donohue Syndrome (Leprechaunism) | Case Study | Missense Mutation | [102,103,104,105] |
Case Study | Nonsense Mutation | [106,107,108] | |
Regional Study | Frameshift Mutation | [109] | |
Rabson–Mendenhall Syndrome | Case Study | Missense Mutation | [110,111,112,113,114] |
Regional Study | Missense Mutation | [115] | |
Familial Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia-5 | Case Study | Missense Mutation | [116] |
Asymptomatic Hyperinsulinemia | Cohort Study | Nonsense Mutation | [117] |
Congenital Muscle Fiber-Type Disproportion Myopathy | Case Study | Missense Mutation | [118] |
Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus | Cohort Study | Polymorphism | [119,120,121] |
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Chen, Y.; Huang, L.; Qi, X.; Chen, C. Insulin Receptor Trafficking: Consequences for Insulin Sensitivity and Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205007
Chen Y, Huang L, Qi X, Chen C. Insulin Receptor Trafficking: Consequences for Insulin Sensitivity and Diabetes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):5007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205007
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yang, Lili Huang, Xinzhou Qi, and Chen Chen. 2019. "Insulin Receptor Trafficking: Consequences for Insulin Sensitivity and Diabetes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20: 5007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205007