Solid Nanocrystals of Rebamipide Promote Recovery from Indomethacin-Induced Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Development of RBM-NDs
2.2. Drug Retention in GI Mucosa after the Oral Administration of RBM-NDs
2.3. Therapeutic Effect of RBM-NDs on IMC-Induced GI Bleeding
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Drug and Chemicals
4.2. Experimental Animals
4.3. Design of RBM Solid Nanocrystals
4.4. Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
4.5. Characterization in RBM Solid Nanocrystals
4.6. Model of IMC-Induced GI Injuries
4.7. Therapeutic Effect of RBM in Model Rats with IMC-Induced GI Injuries
4.8. RBM Contents in the Gastric, Jejunal, and Ileal Mucosa after Oral Administration of RBM
4.9. Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
4.10. Measurement of NO Levels
4.11. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AA rat | adjuvant-induced arthritis rat |
AFM | atomic force microscope |
AUC | area under the drug concentration-time curve |
BCS | Biopharmaceutical Classification System |
DA rat | dark agouti rat |
GAPDH | glyceraldehyde-3-phosophate dehydrogenase |
GI | gastrointestinal |
HPβCD | 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin |
IL | interleukin |
IMC | indomethacin |
iNOS | inducible nitric oxide synthase |
MC | methylcellulose |
NO | nitric oxide |
NSAID | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
PCR | polymerase chain reaction |
RA | rheumatoid arthritis |
RBM | rebamipide |
RBM-NDs | dispersions containing rebamipide solid nanocrystals |
RBM-TDs | dispersions consisting of traditional rebamipide |
RT | reverse transcription |
S.E. | standard error |
SPM | scanning probe microscope |
XRD | X-ray diffraction |
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Nagai, N.; Sakamoto, R.; Yamamoto, S.; Deguchi, S.; Otake, H.; Tanino, T. Solid Nanocrystals of Rebamipide Promote Recovery from Indomethacin-Induced Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 4990. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204990
Nagai N, Sakamoto R, Yamamoto S, Deguchi S, Otake H, Tanino T. Solid Nanocrystals of Rebamipide Promote Recovery from Indomethacin-Induced Gastrointestinal Bleeding. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):4990. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204990
Chicago/Turabian StyleNagai, Noriaki, Ryusuke Sakamoto, Seiji Yamamoto, Saori Deguchi, Hiroko Otake, and Tadatoshi Tanino. 2019. "Solid Nanocrystals of Rebamipide Promote Recovery from Indomethacin-Induced Gastrointestinal Bleeding" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20: 4990. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204990