Oral Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Major Pathogen of Chronic Periodontitis, Promotes Resistance to Paclitaxel in Mouse Xenografts of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Oral Administration of P. gingivalis Reduces the Effect of Paclitaxel on OSCC Xenografts
2.2. Increase in Serum IL-6 Level with P. gingivalis Administration in Mice
2.3. Suppression of Inflammation Mitigates the Resistance of OSCC Xenografts to Paclitaxel in P. gingivalis-Treated Mice
2.4. Prophylactic Use of Ibuprofen Significantly Suppresses Serum Levels of MCP-1 While Increasing VEGF and MMP-9 Expression
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell and Bacterial Cultures
4.2. Animals and Experimental Design
4.3. Histopathological Analysis
4.4. Multiplex Beads Assay
4.5. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
OSCC | Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
P. gingivalis | Porphyromonas gingivalis |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
MMP | Matrix metalloproteinase |
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Control | Mean ± SD (pg/mL) | p Value | |
Ibuprofen (−) | Ibuprofen (+) | ||
TNF-α | 22.100 ± 3.665 | 20.625 ± 5.528 | 0.529 |
MCP-1 *** | 32.450 ± 3.685 | 24.125 ± 2.800 | <0.001 |
VEGF | 97.150 ± 52.341 | 122.563 ± 72.128 | 0.315 |
IL-2 | 18.700 ± 1.494 | 19.125 ± 1.808 | 0.573 |
IL-6 | 43.000 ± 6.429 | 35.625 ± 9.768 | 0.101 |
IFN-γ * | 12.600 ± 0.843 | 11.500 ± 0.926 | 0.034 |
G-CSF | 1750.950 ± 743.944 | 1156.500 ± 637.470 | 0.092 |
MMP-9 *** | 2767.100 ± 1407.780 | 6794.313 ± 1534.532 | <0.001 |
Pg | Mean ± SD (pg/mL) | p Value | |
Ibuprofen (−) | Ibuprofen (+) | ||
TNF-α | 25.200 ± 8.011 | 23.250 ± 10.306 | 0.657 |
MCP-1 ** | 36.600 ± 7.863 | 24.375 ± 5.553 | 0.006 |
VEGF *** | 106.800 ± 71.311 | 138.188 ± 105.538 | <0.001 |
IL-2 | 18.900 ± 2.283 | 19.563 ± 2.665 | 0.633 |
IL-6 * | 49.850 ± 10.970 | 35.750 ± 11.668 | 0.021 |
IFN-γ ** | 13.200 ± 1.033 | 11.875 ± 0.354 | 0.006 |
G-CSF | 1909.000 ± 750.013 | 1523.063 ± 1140.469 | 0.400 |
MMP-9 *** | 3697.850 ± 1861.348 | 6952.750 ± 124.409 | <0.001 |
Paclitaxel | Mean ± SD (pg/mL) | p Value | |
Ibuprofen (−) | Ibuprofen (+) | ||
TNF-α | 24.000 ± 7.557 | 26.500 ± 4.375 | 0.420 |
MCP-1 * | 35.550 ± 12.348 | 24.563 ± 5.039 | 0.016 |
VEGF ** | 99.100 ± 64.781 | 258.000 ± 161.402 | 0.009 |
IL-2 | 18.800 ± 1.229 | 19.375 ± 2.134 | 0.460 |
IL-6 | 39.300 ± 5.599 | 38.062 ± 6.774 | 0.408 |
IFN-γ | 12.450 ± 0.832 | 13.000 ± 2.507 | 0.522 |
G-CSF | 1538.350 ± 591.133 | 2126.875 ± 626.152 | 0.083 |
MMP-9 ** | 2694.600 ± 1204.875 | 5833.687 ± 1307.932 | 0.001 |
Pg + Paclitaxel | Mean ± SD (pg/mL) | p Value | |
Ibuprofen (−) | Ibuprofen (+) | ||
TNF-α ** | 22.100 ± 5.607 | 31.750 ± 8.013 | 0.008 |
MCP-1 | 31.750 ± 8.244 | 25.063 ± 9.563 | 0.274 |
VEGF ** | 109.900 ± 57.058 | 951.500 ± 899.341 | 0.001 |
IL-2 * | 20.600 ± 3.864 | 23.375 ± 2.066 | 0.043 |
IL-6 | 50.300 ± 17.385 | 47.938 ± 23.501 | 0.696 |
IFN-γ | 12.100 ± 1.101 | 12.750 ± 1.832 | 0.364 |
G-CSF | 1782.600 ± 1050.864 | 2348.000 ± 1268.862 | 0.316 |
MMP-9 * | 4310.300 ± 2671.717 | 7027.625 ± 360.735 | 0.011 |
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Song, J.M.; Woo, B.H.; Lee, J.H.; Yoon, S.; Cho, Y.; Kim, Y.-D.; Park, H.R. Oral Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Major Pathogen of Chronic Periodontitis, Promotes Resistance to Paclitaxel in Mouse Xenografts of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102494
Song JM, Woo BH, Lee JH, Yoon S, Cho Y, Kim Y-D, Park HR. Oral Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Major Pathogen of Chronic Periodontitis, Promotes Resistance to Paclitaxel in Mouse Xenografts of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(10):2494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102494
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Jae Min, Bok Hee Woo, Ji Hye Lee, Sanggyeong Yoon, Youngseuk Cho, Yong-Deok Kim, and Hae Ryoun Park. 2019. "Oral Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Major Pathogen of Chronic Periodontitis, Promotes Resistance to Paclitaxel in Mouse Xenografts of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 10: 2494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102494