Effects of Space Flight on Mouse Liver versus Kidney: Gene Pathway Analyses
1
Durham VA Medical Center, Medicine Service Line, Durham, NC 27705, USA
2
Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
3
Space Policy Institute, Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
4
Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC 20420, USA
5
Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Immunology, and Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19(12), 4106; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19124106
Received: 15 November 2018
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Revised: 8 December 2018
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Accepted: 14 December 2018
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Published: 18 December 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptation of Living Organisms in Space: From Mammals to Plants)
Understanding genome wide, tissue-specific, and spaceflight-induced changes in gene expression is critical to develop effective countermeasures. Transcriptome analysis has been performed on diverse tissues harvested from animals flown in space, but not the kidney. We determined the genome wide gene expression using a gene array analysis of kidney and liver tissue from mice flown in space for 12 days versus ground based control animals. By comparing the transcriptome of liver and kidney from animals flown in space versus ground control animals, we tested a unique hypothesis: Are there common gene expression pathways activated in multiple tissue types in response to spaceflight stimuli? Although there were tissue-specific changes, both liver and kidney overexpressed genes in the same four areas: (a) cellular responses to peptides, hormones, and nitrogen/organonitrogen compounds; (b) apoptosis and cell death; (c) fat cell differentiation and (d) negative regulation of protein kinase.
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Keywords:
spaceflight; microgravity; gene expression; liver; kidney; gene array; gene expression; transcriptome; apoptosis; Cdkn1a; CYP4A1
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MDPI and ACS Style
Hammond, T.G.; Allen, P.L.; Birdsall, H.H. Effects of Space Flight on Mouse Liver versus Kidney: Gene Pathway Analyses. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 4106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19124106
AMA Style
Hammond TG, Allen PL, Birdsall HH. Effects of Space Flight on Mouse Liver versus Kidney: Gene Pathway Analyses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(12):4106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19124106
Chicago/Turabian StyleHammond, Timothy G., Patricia L. Allen, and Holly H. Birdsall. 2018. "Effects of Space Flight on Mouse Liver versus Kidney: Gene Pathway Analyses" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12: 4106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19124106
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