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Polyphenolic Extract of Euphorbia supina Attenuates Manganese-Induced Neurotoxicity by Enhancing Antioxidant Activity through Regulation of ER Stress and ER Stress-Mediated Apoptosis
by
Entaz Bahar 1
,
Geum-Hwa Lee 2,
Kashi Raj Bhattarai 2,
Hwa-Young Lee 2,
Min-Kyung Choi 2,
Harun-Or Rashid 2,
Ji-Ye Kim 3,
Han-Jung Chae 2,* and
Hyonok Yoon 1,*
Entaz Bahar 1,
Geum-Hwa Lee 2,
Kashi Raj Bhattarai 2,
Hwa-Young Lee 2,
Min-Kyung Choi 2,
Harun-Or Rashid 2,
Ji-Ye Kim 3,
Han-Jung Chae 2,* and
Hyonok Yoon 1,*
1
College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea
2
Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, Korea
3
Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital and Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18(2), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18020300
Received: 10 November 2016 / Accepted: 24 January 2017 / Published: 30 January 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activity of Natural Secondary Metabolite Products)
Manganese (Mn) is an important trace element present in human body, which acts as an enzyme co-factor or activator in various metabolic reactions. While essential in trace amounts, excess levels of Mn in human brain can produce neurotoxicity, including idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD)-like extrapyramidal manganism symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the protective role of polyphenolic extract of Euphorbia supina (PPEES) on Mn-induced neurotoxicity and the underlying mechanism in human neuroblastoma SKNMC cells and Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rat brain. PPEES possessed significant amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. PPEES also showed significant antioxidant activity in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and reducing power capacity (RPC) assays. Our results showed that Mn treatment significantly reduced cell viability and increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, which was attenuated by PPEES pretreatment at 100 and 200 µg/mL. Additionally, PPEES pretreatment markedly attenuated Mn-induced antioxidant status alteration by resolving the ROS, MDA and GSH levels and SOD and CAT activities. PPEES pretreatment also significantly attenuated Mn-induced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and apoptosis. Meanwhile, PPEES pretreatment significantly reversed the Mn-induced alteration in the GRP78, GADD34, XBP-1, CHOP, Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 activities. Furthermore, administration of PPEES (100 and 200 mg/kg) to Mn exposed rats showed improvement of histopathological alteration in comparison to Mn-treated rats. Moreover, administration of PPEES to Mn exposed rats showed significant reduction of 8-OHdG and Bax immunoreactivity. The results suggest that PPEES treatment reduces Mn-induced oxidative stress and neuronal cell loss in SKNMC cells and in the rat brain. Therefore, PPEES may be considered as potential treat-ment in Mn-intoxicated patients.
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Keywords:
manganese; Euphorbia supina; neurotoxicity; antioxidant; neuroprotection
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Bahar, E.; Lee, G.-H.; Bhattarai, K.R.; Lee, H.-Y.; Choi, M.-K.; Rashid, H.-O.; Kim, J.-Y.; Chae, H.-J.; Yoon, H. Polyphenolic Extract of Euphorbia supina Attenuates Manganese-Induced Neurotoxicity by Enhancing Antioxidant Activity through Regulation of ER Stress and ER Stress-Mediated Apoptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 300.
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