Cytotoxicity of 11-epi-Sinulariolide Acetate Isolated from Cultured Soft Corals on HA22T Cells through the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway and Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. 11-epi-SA Is Cytotoxic toward Several HCC Cell Lines
2.2. HA22T Cells Show Apoptotic Characteristics on 11-epi-SA Treatment
2.3. Global Proteomic Profiling of 11-epi-SA-Treated HA22T Cells
2.4. 11-epi-SA Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction
2.5. The Mitochondria-Related Pathway Is Activated by 11-epi-SA in a Dose and Time-Dependent Manner
2.6. The Caspase-Dependent Pathway Is Activated in 11-epi-SA-Treated HA22T Cells
2.7. 11-epi-SA Induces the Activation of the ER Stress-Induced Pathway
2.8. Inhibition of ER Stress-Related Pathways Rescues the 11-epi-SA-Induced Cytotoxicity of HA22T Cells
3. Discussion
3.1. 11-epi-SA Induces Apoptosis in HCC Cells
3.2. Mitochondria and ER Are Involved in 11-epi-SA-Induced Cytotoxicity
3.3. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is a Crucial Event in 11-epi-SA-Related Cell Cytotoxicity
3.4. ER Stress Partially Initiates 11-epi-SA-Induced Cytotoxicity in HA22T Cells
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Reagents
4.2. Cell Culture and Drug Treatment
4.3. Cell Viability Assay
4.4. Wound Healing and Trans-Well Migration Assays
4.5. Flow Cytometric Assessment of Apoptosis
4.6. DNA Fragmentation Assay
4.7. Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential Analysis
4.8. Protein Preparation and Measurement
4.9. Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis and Protein Identification by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
4.10. Immunofluorescence Microscopy
4.11. Western Blotting
4.12. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spot No. | Protein Name | Accession No. | Calculated MW/pI | Peptide Matched | Sequence Covered % | MASCOT Score | Regulation (Fold Change) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Lamin-A/C | P02545 | 74.09/6.57 | 20 | 22 | 126 | +3.3 |
2 | Stress-70 | P38646 | 73.65/5.87 | 54 | 46 | 570 | +2.5 |
3 | Peroxiredoxin-2 | P32119 | 21.87/5.66 | 31 | 43 | 316 | −2.3 |
4 | Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase 2 | Q9BXS1 | 26.7/6.01 | 1 | 5 | 75 | −2.5 |
5 | Stress-70 | P38646 | 73.63/5.87 | 100 | 63 | 1233 | +3.1 |
6 | Heat-shock protein 27 | P04792 | 22.76/5.98 | 52 | 71 | 753 | −3.9 |
7 | Cytoplasmic protein NCK1 | P16333 | 42.83/6.06 | 6 | 9 | 78 | −2.8 |
8 | Heat-shock protein 27 | P04792 | 22.76/5.98 | 90 | 72 | 945 | −2.4 |
9 | Thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase | P30048 | 27.67/7.67 | 20 | 35 | 209 | −3.0 |
10 | Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B | Q99729 | 36.59/9.04 | 3 | 9 | 72 | −3.2 |
11 | Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H3 | P31942 | 36.91/6.37 | 14 | 30 | 173 | −2.9 |
12 | 60 kDa heat-shock protein | P10809 | 61.01/5.7 | 13 | 11 | 70 | −1.8 |
13 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta 2 | P62879 | 37.32/5.6 | 13 | 22 | 52 | +3.1 |
14 | Prohibitin | P35232 | 29.78/5.57 | 385 | 88 | 10,621 | +2.2 |
15 | Nucleophosmin | P06748 | 32.55/4.64 | 6 | 22 | 107 | +2.1 |
16 | Protein disulfide-isomerase | P07237 | 57.08/4.76 | 51 | 52 | 314 | +2.7 |
17 | T-complex protein 1 subunit zeta | P40227 | 57.98/6.23 | 27 | 37 | 278 | +1.8 |
18 | Vimentin | P08670 | 53.61/5.06 | 52 | 52 | 507 | +2.1 |
19 | Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 | P52565 | 23.19/5.02 | 6 | 15 | 67 | +2.6 |
20 | Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase | P55072 | 89.22/5.14 | 55 | 47 | 594 | +4.4 |
21 | l-lactate dehydrogenase B chain | P07195 | 36.61/5.71 | 16 | 32 | 147 | +3.1 |
22 | Protein DJ-1 | Q99497 | 19.87/6.33 | 58 | 62 | 368 | +2.0 |
23 | Calreticulin | P27797 | 48.11/4.29 | 28 | 43 | 193 | +1.9 |
24 | 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein precursor | P11021 | 72.28/5.07 | 61 | 56 | 900 | +5.2 |
25 | Tubulin alpha-ubiquitous chain | P68363 | 50.12/4.94 | 23 | 35 | 251 | −1.8 |
26 | Ornithine aminotransferase | P04181 | 48.85/6.57 | 21 | 56 | 1065 | −1.9 |
27 | T-complex protein 1 subunit beta | P78371 | 57.45/6.01 | 33 | 40 | 386 | +2.1 |
28 | Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-coenzyme A transferase 1 | P55809 | 56.12/7.14 | 14 | 12 | 234 | −2.4 |
29 | Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H | P31943 | 49.19/5.89 | 45 | 32 | 626 | +1.7 |
30 | Macrophage capping protein | P40121 | 38.49/5.88 | 17 | 29 | 283 | −2.3 |
31 | Macrophage capping protein | P40121 | 38.49/5.88 | 3 | 6 | 72 | −1.9 |
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Lin, J.-J.; Wang, R.Y.L.; Chen, J.-C.; Chiu, C.-C.; Liao, M.-H.; Wu, Y.-J. Cytotoxicity of 11-epi-Sinulariolide Acetate Isolated from Cultured Soft Corals on HA22T Cells through the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17111787
Lin J-J, Wang RYL, Chen J-C, Chiu C-C, Liao M-H, Wu Y-J. Cytotoxicity of 11-epi-Sinulariolide Acetate Isolated from Cultured Soft Corals on HA22T Cells through the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(11):1787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17111787
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Jen-Jie, Robert Y. L. Wang, Jiing-Chuan Chen, Chien-Chih Chiu, Ming-Hui Liao, and Yu-Jen Wu. 2016. "Cytotoxicity of 11-epi-Sinulariolide Acetate Isolated from Cultured Soft Corals on HA22T Cells through the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway and Mitochondrial Dysfunction" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 11: 1787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17111787