Mechanisms Underlying Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of Kaempferol in HT-29 Human Colon Cancer Cells

Lee, Hyun Sook; Cho, Han Jin; Yu, Rina; Lee, Ki Won; Chun, Hyang Sook; Park, Jung Han Yoon

doi:10.3390/ijms15022722

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Mechanisms Underlying Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of Kaempferol in HT-29 Human Colon Cancer Cells

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Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dongseo University, 47 Jurye-ro, Sasang-gu, Busan 617-716, Korea

Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea

Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea

⁴

Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Gyonggi-do 443-270, Korea

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WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea

⁶

Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, An-Sung 456-756, Korea

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15(2), 2722-2737; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15022722

Received: 24 December 2013 / Revised: 4 February 2014 / Accepted: 8 February 2014 / Published: 17 February 2014

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)

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Abstract

We previously noted that kaempferol, a flavonol present in vegetables and fruits, reduced cell cycle progression of HT-29 cells. To examine whether kaempferol induces apoptosis of HT-29 cells and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms, cells were treated with various concentrations (0–60 μmol/L) of kaempferol and analyzed by Hoechst staining, Annexin V staining, JC-1 labeling of the mitochondria, immunoprecipitation, in vitro kinase assays, Western blot analyses, and caspase-8 assays. Kaempferol increased chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation and the number of early apoptotic cells in HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, kaempferol increased the levels of cleaved caspase-9, caspase-3 and caspase-7 as well as those of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Moreover, it increased mitochondrial membrane permeability and cytosolic cytochrome c concentrations. Further, kaempferol decreased the levels of Bcl-xL proteins, but increased those of Bik. It also induced a reduction in Akt activation and Akt activity and an increase in mitochondrial Bad. Additionally, kaempferol increased the levels of membrane-bound FAS ligand, decreased those of uncleaved caspase-8 and intact Bid and increased caspase-8 activity. These results indicate that kaempferol induces the apoptosis of HT-29 cells via events associated with the activation of cell surface death receptors and the mitochondrial pathway. View Full-Text

Keywords: kaempferol; colon cancer; apoptosis; mitochondrial pathway; cell-death receptor pathway

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lee, H.S.; Cho, H.J.; Yu, R.; Lee, K.W.; Chun, H.S.; Park, J.H.Y. Mechanisms Underlying Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of Kaempferol in HT-29 Human Colon Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 2722-2737. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15022722

AMA Style

Lee HS, Cho HJ, Yu R, Lee KW, Chun HS, Park JHY. Mechanisms Underlying Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of Kaempferol in HT-29 Human Colon Cancer Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2014; 15(2):2722-2737. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15022722

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee, Hyun S., Han J. Cho, Rina Yu, Ki W. Lee, Hyang S. Chun, and Jung H.Y. Park. 2014. "Mechanisms Underlying Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of Kaempferol in HT-29 Human Colon Cancer Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15, no. 2: 2722-2737. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15022722

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Mechanisms Underlying Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of Kaempferol in HT-29 Human Colon Cancer Cells

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