G Protein-Coupled Receptors: What a Difference a ‘Partner’ Makes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Interacting Proteins that Modulate Cell-Surface Localization of GPCRs
2.1. ninaA and RanBP2: Modulators of Opsin Receptors
2.2. RTPs and REEPs: Traffic of the Odorant Receptors
2.3. Protein S100-A10 and Its Role in Depression
2.4. GASPs and SNXs: Interacting Proteins in GPCR Down-Regulation
3. Interacting Proteins that Modulate Cell-Surface Localization and Signaling of GPCRs
3.1. RAMPs, Co-Receptors of the Calcitonin Receptor Family
3.2. RAMPs, Beyond the Calcitonin Receptor Family
3.3. MRAPs and Their Vital Role in Stress
3.4. DRiP78, a Regulator of the G Protein•GPCR Complex
3.5. The PDZ-Domain Containing Family of Proteins
4. Interacting Proteins That Modulate GPCR Signaling
4.1. RCP and CLR: Proof Three Is not a Crowd
4.2. Calmodulin
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
5-HT | 5-hydroxytryptamine |
5-HTR | 5-HT receptor |
δ, κ | μ receptors |
δ, κ | μ opioid receptors |
ACTH | adrenal corticotrophic hormone |
ADM | adrenomedullin |
AM receptor | adrenomedullin receptor |
AT1 receptor | angiotensin II receptor type 1 |
CaM | calmodulin |
cAMP | cyclic AMP |
CGRP | calcitonin gene-related peptide |
CLR | calcitonin receptor-like receptor |
CRF1 receptor | corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 |
CRF | corticotropin releasing factor |
CT | calcitonin |
CTR | calcitonin receptor |
DLG1 | disks large homolog 1 |
D receptor | dopamine receptor |
DRiP78 | dopamine-receptor-interacting protein of 78 kDa |
ER | endoplasmic reticulum |
ErbB1 | epidermal growth factor receptor |
FGD | familial glucocorticoid deficiency |
GASP | GPCR-associated sorting protein |
GPCR | G protein-coupled receptor |
GPK | GPCR kinase |
HSP | heat shock protein |
IAPP | islet amyloid polypeptide |
MCR | melanocortin receptor |
MRAP | melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein |
MSH | melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
mGlu receptor | metabotropic glutamate receptor |
NHERF | Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor |
ninaA | neither inactivated nor after potential A |
ODR-4 | odorant protein 4 |
OR | odorant receptor |
PAR | proteinase-activated receptor |
PDZ | postsynaptic density protein 95, drosophila disc and zonula occludens protein 1 |
PKC | protein kinase C |
PLC | phospholipase C |
PTH | parathyroid hormone |
RAMP | receptor activity-modifying protein |
RanBP2 | Ran binding protein 2 |
RCP | receptor component protein |
REEP | receptor expression enhancing protein |
Rh1 | rhodopsin 1 |
RTP | receptor transporting protein |
SNX | sorting nexin |
VIP | vasoactive intestinal peptide |
V2 receptor | vasopressin 2 receptor |
VPAC receptor | VIP and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor |
Yip | Ypt-interacting protein |
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GPCR(s) | Interacting protein(s) | Function(s) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Rh1 receptor | ninaA | Promote correct folding and cell-surface expression | [29–31] |
Red/green opsins | RanBP2 | Potentially promote correct folding and cell-surface expression | [32] |
ORs | RTP1-2 and REEP1 | Promote cell-surface expression. Co-localize at the cell-surface with ORs | [33] |
TAS2Rs | RTP3-4 | Promote cell-surface expression | [34] |
δ-μ receptor heterodimer | RTP4 | Promote cell-surface expression | [35] |
5-HT1BR and 5-HT4R | S100-A10 | Promote cell-surface expression | [36,37] |
δ receptor | GASPs | Promote down-regulation of the receptor | [38] |
β2-adrenoceptor | GASPs | Promote down-regulation of the receptor | [38] |
D2 receptor | GASPs | Promote down-regulation of the receptor | [39] |
μ receptor | GASPs | Promote down-regulation of the receptor | [40] |
κ receptor | GASPs | Promote down-regulation of the receptor | [40] |
β1-adrenoceptor | GASPs | Promote down-regulation of the receptor | [40] |
CTR | GASPs | Promote down-regulation of the receptor | [40] |
PAR1 | SNX-1 | Promote internalization of the receptor | [41,42] |
oxytocin receptor | SNX-1 | Promote internalization of the receptor | [43] |
δ receptor | SNX-1 | Promote internalization of the receptor | [43] |
Neurokinin 1 receptor | SNX-1 | Promote internalization of the receptor | [43] |
GPCR | Interacting protein(s) | Function(s) | References |
---|---|---|---|
CLR | RAMPs | Promote cell-surface expression, receptor glycosylation and induce ligand binding specificity | [80] |
CTR | RAMPs | Induce ligand binding specificity to IAPP | [81,82] |
VPAC1 receptor | RAMPs | Increase the coupling of Gαq-subunit with the receptor | [83] |
PTH1 receptor | RAMP2 | ? | [83] |
Glucagon receptor | RAMP2 | ? | [83] |
PTH2 receptor | RAMP3 | ? | [83] |
VPAC2 receptor | RAMPs | Increase the coupling of Gαi/o-subunit to the receptor, but RAMP3 | [84] |
CRF1 receptor | RAMP2 | Promote cell-surface expression and increase Ca2+ mobilization | [84] |
Calcium Sensing receptor | RAMP1 and 3 | Promote cell-surface expression and receptor glycosylation | [85] |
MCRs | MRAPs | Regulate differently the cell-surface expression depending on the MCR and also can modulate MCR-mediated signaling | [86–88] |
D1 receptor | DRiP78 | Retain receptor in ER | [89] |
Muscarinic acetylcholine 2 receptor | DRiP78 | Retain receptor in ER | [89] |
Adenosine 1 receptor | DRiP78 | Retain receptor in ER | [90] |
AT1 receptor | DRiP78 | Promote cell-surface expression | [91] |
β2-adrenoceptor | DRiP78 | Promote the coupling of the βγ-subunit | [92] |
Chemokine receptor 5 | DRiP78 | Retain receptor in ER and promote the coupling of the βγ-subunit | [93] |
PTH1 receptor | NHERF1-2 | Switch the coupling of Gαs to Gαq of the receptor. | [94,95] |
Inhibit internalization and desensitization of the receptor | [96–98] | ||
LPA2 receptor | NHERF2 | Potentiate PLC signaling | [99] |
P2Y1 receptor | NHERF2 | Potentiate PLC signaling | [100] |
mGlu5 receptor | NHERF2 | Potentiate PLC signaling | [101] |
CRF1 receptor | DLG1 | Inhibit receptor agonist-induced internalization and promote | [102] |
ERK1/2 signaling |
GPCR | Interacting protein | Function(s) | References |
---|---|---|---|
CLR | RCP | Enhance CGRP- and ADM-mediated signaling | [168] |
μ receptor | CaM | Impair G protein coupling | [169] |
D2 receptor | CaM | Impair G protein coupling | [170] |
5-HT2AR | CaM | Impair G protein coupling | [171] |
PTH1 receptor | CaM | Inhibit Gα-mediated PLC activation | [172] |
V2 receptor | CaM | Enhance Ca2+ mobilization | [173] |
mGlu7 receptor | CaM | Regulate GPCR phosphorylation | [174,175] |
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Roux, B.T.; Cottrell, G.S. G Protein-Coupled Receptors: What a Difference a ‘Partner’ Makes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 1112-1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15011112
Roux BT, Cottrell GS. G Protein-Coupled Receptors: What a Difference a ‘Partner’ Makes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2014; 15(1):1112-1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15011112
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoux, Benoît T., and Graeme S. Cottrell. 2014. "G Protein-Coupled Receptors: What a Difference a ‘Partner’ Makes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15, no. 1: 1112-1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15011112