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10.3390/molecules31173122
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Effect of Ca2+ Doping on the Structural, Magnetic and Magneto–Transport Properties of La1−xCaxMnO3 Manganites: Insights from XPS and 55Mn IFNMR Studies

by
Arun Kumar Shavi Mallikarjuna
1,
Manjunatha Mushtagatte
2,
Gavinolla Srinivas Reddy
3,
Selvaraj Anandh Jesuraj
4,
Mangesh Lodhe
5,
David Laroze
6,* and
Thipperudrappa Javuku
1,*
1
Department of Studies in Physics, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ballari 583105, Karnataka, India
2
Department of Physics, SGVVT’s SG College, Koppal 583231, Karnataka, India
3
Department of Physics, School of Engineering, Presidency University, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
4
Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
5
Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal 462003, Madhya Pradesh, India
6
Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica 1000000, Chile
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2026, 31(17), 3122; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31173122
Submission received: 2 June 2026 / Revised: 28 August 2026 / Accepted: 31 August 2026 / Published: 6 September 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Chemistry)
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Abstract

In this study, La1-xCaxMnO3 (LCMO) samples (x = 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) were synthesized using a sol–gel method and their structural, electronic, magnetic and magneto–transport properties were investigated. Structural analysis by XRD confirmed orthorhombic perovskite structure. FTIR studies indicated the changes in bond length and bond angle of Mn–O/Mn–O–Mn bonds; FESEM/EDAX confirmed a polycrystalline nature. Magneto–transport studies revealed a decrease in ferromagnetic metal–paramagnetic semiconductor transition temperature with the increase in Ca2+ content. Magneto–transport studies also revealed that the resistivity in the ferromagnetic metallic region was predominantly governed by the extrinsic spin–polarized tunneling (SPT) mechanism along with double-exchange interaction, whereas charge transport in the paramagnetic semiconducting region at higher temperatures was due to variable-range hopping conduction. Magnetoresistance was at its maximum near the transition temperature, but decreased at lower temperature (77 K). XPS and 55Mn IFNMR confirmed coexistence of Mn3+/Mn4+, while IFNMR results at 77 K confirmed high-frequency electron exchange among Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions due to double exchange interaction. VSM studies at 300 K showed that the paramagnetic nature of the samples and susceptibility decreased with the increase in Ca2+ content. The close agreement between the magnetoresistance behavior and the 55Mn IFNMR results confirms the role of the intrinsic DE interaction in governing the magnetotransport properties of LCMO.
Keywords: magnetoresistance; double-exchange interaction; spin polarized tunneling; variable-range hopping; 55Mn IFNMR magnetoresistance; double-exchange interaction; spin polarized tunneling; variable-range hopping; 55Mn IFNMR
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MDPI and ACS Style

Shavi Mallikarjuna, A.K.; Mushtagatte, M.; Reddy, G.S.; Jesuraj, S.A.; Lodhe, M.; Laroze, D.; Javuku, T. Effect of Ca2+ Doping on the Structural, Magnetic and Magneto–Transport Properties of La1−xCaxMnO3 Manganites: Insights from XPS and 55Mn IFNMR Studies. Molecules 2026, 31, 3122. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31173122

AMA Style

Shavi Mallikarjuna AK, Mushtagatte M, Reddy GS, Jesuraj SA, Lodhe M, Laroze D, Javuku T. Effect of Ca2+ Doping on the Structural, Magnetic and Magneto–Transport Properties of La1−xCaxMnO3 Manganites: Insights from XPS and 55Mn IFNMR Studies. Molecules. 2026; 31(17):3122. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31173122

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shavi Mallikarjuna, Arun Kumar, Manjunatha Mushtagatte, Gavinolla Srinivas Reddy, Selvaraj Anandh Jesuraj, Mangesh Lodhe, David Laroze, and Thipperudrappa Javuku. 2026. "Effect of Ca2+ Doping on the Structural, Magnetic and Magneto–Transport Properties of La1−xCaxMnO3 Manganites: Insights from XPS and 55Mn IFNMR Studies" Molecules 31, no. 17: 3122. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31173122

APA Style

Shavi Mallikarjuna, A. K., Mushtagatte, M., Reddy, G. S., Jesuraj, S. A., Lodhe, M., Laroze, D., & Javuku, T. (2026). Effect of Ca2+ Doping on the Structural, Magnetic and Magneto–Transport Properties of La1−xCaxMnO3 Manganites: Insights from XPS and 55Mn IFNMR Studies. Molecules, 31(17), 3122. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31173122

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