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Article

Phytochemical Characterization of Freeze-Dried Stenocereus stellatus Seeds and Their Antihyperglycemic Activity in Experimental Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes

by
Víctor Hugo Oidor-Chan
1,†,
Fernando Díaz de León-Sánchez
2,†,
Leonardo del Valle-Mondragón
3,
Raúl Martínez-Memije
4,
Juan Carlos Torres-Narváez
3,
Francisco Cruz-Sosa
1,
Mariana Patlán
5,
Manuel Miranda
6,
Melani León-Martínez
7,
Victoria López-Olmos
7,
Luz Ibarra-Lara
3,* and
Vicente Castrejón-Téllez
7,*
1
Department of Biotechnology, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Iztapalapa Campus, Av. Ferrocarril de San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1ª. Sección, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico
2
Laboratory of Post-Harvest of Plant Genetic Resources and Natural Products, Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Iztapalapa Campus, Av. Ferrocarril de San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1ª. Sección, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico
3
Department of Pharmacology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
4
Department of Electromechanical Instrumentation, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
5
Subdirection of Basic and Technological Research, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
6
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, Bioscience Building, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
7
Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Molecules 2026, 31(17), 2964; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31172964
Submission received: 27 July 2026 / Revised: 16 August 2026 / Accepted: 18 August 2026 / Published: 25 August 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Plants: Identification, Characterization, and Pharmacological Activity)
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Abstract

Background: Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are characterized by progressive impairment of glucose homeostasis. This study aimed to expand the phytochemical profile of freeze-dried Stenocereus stellatus (red tunillo) seeds and evaluate their antihyperglycemic activity in experimental models of prediabetes (PDB) and T2D. Results: Phytochemical screening and UPLC-QTOF-MSE revealed a chemically diverse profile. Six chromatographic features were putatively annotated on the basis of accurate mass, elemental composition, isotopic pattern, and high-energy data; the confidence of these annotations varied among features because authentic standards were not analyzed. Fourteen-day oral administration of freeze-dried seeds reduced blood glucose and improved glucose tolerance in prediabetic rats. In T2D rats, treatment reduced hyperglycemia and enhanced the glucose-lowering response to exogenous insulin, although the overall glucose excursion during the OGTT was not significantly improved. Methods: Female rats with PDB and male rats with T2D were fed freeze-dried S. stellatus seeds at 100 and 200 mg kg−1, respectively, for 14 consecutive days. Conclusions: Freeze-dried S. stellatus seeds showed antihyperglycemic activity in both experimental models. Further quantitative, mechanistic, and long-term studies are required to define the contribution of individual metabolites and assess translational relevance.
Keywords: Stenocereus stellatus; freeze-dried seeds; phytochemicals profiling; prediabetes; type 2 diabetes; glucose tolerance; polyphenols; insulin responsiveness Stenocereus stellatus; freeze-dried seeds; phytochemicals profiling; prediabetes; type 2 diabetes; glucose tolerance; polyphenols; insulin responsiveness

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MDPI and ACS Style

Oidor-Chan, V.H.; Díaz de León-Sánchez, F.; Valle-Mondragón, L.d.; Martínez-Memije, R.; Torres-Narváez, J.C.; Cruz-Sosa, F.; Patlán, M.; Miranda, M.; León-Martínez, M.; López-Olmos, V.; et al. Phytochemical Characterization of Freeze-Dried Stenocereus stellatus Seeds and Their Antihyperglycemic Activity in Experimental Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. Molecules 2026, 31, 2964. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31172964

AMA Style

Oidor-Chan VH, Díaz de León-Sánchez F, Valle-Mondragón Ld, Martínez-Memije R, Torres-Narváez JC, Cruz-Sosa F, Patlán M, Miranda M, León-Martínez M, López-Olmos V, et al. Phytochemical Characterization of Freeze-Dried Stenocereus stellatus Seeds and Their Antihyperglycemic Activity in Experimental Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. Molecules. 2026; 31(17):2964. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31172964

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oidor-Chan, Víctor Hugo, Fernando Díaz de León-Sánchez, Leonardo del Valle-Mondragón, Raúl Martínez-Memije, Juan Carlos Torres-Narváez, Francisco Cruz-Sosa, Mariana Patlán, Manuel Miranda, Melani León-Martínez, Victoria López-Olmos, and et al. 2026. "Phytochemical Characterization of Freeze-Dried Stenocereus stellatus Seeds and Their Antihyperglycemic Activity in Experimental Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes" Molecules 31, no. 17: 2964. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31172964

APA Style

Oidor-Chan, V. H., Díaz de León-Sánchez, F., Valle-Mondragón, L. d., Martínez-Memije, R., Torres-Narváez, J. C., Cruz-Sosa, F., Patlán, M., Miranda, M., León-Martínez, M., López-Olmos, V., Ibarra-Lara, L., & Castrejón-Téllez, V. (2026). Phytochemical Characterization of Freeze-Dried Stenocereus stellatus Seeds and Their Antihyperglycemic Activity in Experimental Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. Molecules, 31(17), 2964. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31172964

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