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Volume 31
Issue 11
10.3390/molecules31111977
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Chemo-Diversity Landscape Using Physico-Biochemical, Elemental, and Metabolic Profiling in Different Stages and Accessions of Madhuca longifolia Flowers for Unveiling Their Processing Value and Utilization

by
Shalini Purwar
1,†,
Ankit Verma
1,2,†,
Ravi Prakash Jaiswal
3,
Vigya Mishra
4,
Vishal Chugh
2,
Chandra Mohan Singh
5,
Akbare Azam
3,
Nitin Kumar
5,
Priti Upadhyay
6,
Tribhuvan Chaubey
7,2,7,* and
Ashutosh Rai
2,7,*
1
Department of Basic and Social Science, College of Forestry, BUAT, Banda 210001, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Department of Basic and Social Science, College of Horticulture, BUAT, Banda 210001, Uttar Pradesh, India
3
Department of Chemistry, Government Girl’s P.G. College, Ghazipur 233001, Uttar Pradesh, India
4
Department of Post-Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture, BUAT, Banda 210001, Uttar Pradesh, India
5
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, BUAT, Banda 210001, Uttar Pradesh, India
6
Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa 110012 New Delhi, India
7
ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi 221305, Uttar Pradesh, India
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contribute equally to this work.
Molecules 2026, 31(11), 1977; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31111977 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 17 February 2026 / Revised: 30 March 2026 / Accepted: 21 April 2026 / Published: 5 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruits and Vegetables as Prospective Reserves of Bioactive Compounds—Second Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Variations in sweetness and bitterness among Madhuca longifolia flowers strongly influence their processing value and market acceptance, yet the chemo-diversity underlying these traits remains poorly characterized. This study aimed to unravel accession- and stage-specific differences by integrating physico-biochemical, elemental, and metabolic profiling across thirteen accessions (BM−1 to BM−13) from BUAT, Banda. Sensory and textural evaluations revealed wide diversity, with BM−5 displaying superior sweetness and aroma, whereas BM−6, BM−7, and BM−10 were differentiated by firmness, elasticity, and gumminess. Biochemical analyses across flower development showed that BM−5 consistently maintained higher sugars and β-carotene, while BM−1 exhibited marked reductions in sugars and total phenolics content; meanwhile, antioxidant activity increased with maturity, with BM−5 remaining the most stable. ICP-MS elemental analysis confirmed BM−5 as mineral-rich compared with lower-performing accessions. GC-MS metabolomic profiling of contrasting accessions (BM−1 and BM−5) across stages identified 303 volatile and semi-volatile metabolites, and multivariate analyses (PCA, VIP, volcano plots, pathway enrichment) revealed distinct stage- and accession-dependent patterns. Mature BM−5 was enriched in fermentation- and aroma-related metabolites such as melibiose, furfural, 5-HMF, and furaneol, whereas BM−1 accumulated defense-linked compounds including catechol, benzyl nitrile, and maltol. Overall, the integrated chemo-diversity landscape identifies BM−5 as a superior accession with high processing potential and value-addition prospects.
Keywords: Madhuca longifolia; flower; ICPMS; gas chromatography; metabolites; minerals Madhuca longifolia; flower; ICPMS; gas chromatography; metabolites; minerals

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MDPI and ACS Style

Purwar, S.; Verma, A.; Jaiswal, R.P.; Mishra, V.; Chugh, V.; Singh, C.M.; Azam, A.; Kumar, N.; Upadhyay, P.; Chaubey, T.; et al. Chemo-Diversity Landscape Using Physico-Biochemical, Elemental, and Metabolic Profiling in Different Stages and Accessions of Madhuca longifolia Flowers for Unveiling Their Processing Value and Utilization. Molecules 2026, 31, 1977. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31111977

AMA Style

Purwar S, Verma A, Jaiswal RP, Mishra V, Chugh V, Singh CM, Azam A, Kumar N, Upadhyay P, Chaubey T, et al. Chemo-Diversity Landscape Using Physico-Biochemical, Elemental, and Metabolic Profiling in Different Stages and Accessions of Madhuca longifolia Flowers for Unveiling Their Processing Value and Utilization. Molecules. 2026; 31(11):1977. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31111977

Chicago/Turabian Style

Purwar, Shalini, Ankit Verma, Ravi Prakash Jaiswal, Vigya Mishra, Vishal Chugh, Chandra Mohan Singh, Akbare Azam, Nitin Kumar, Priti Upadhyay, Tribhuvan Chaubey, and et al. 2026. "Chemo-Diversity Landscape Using Physico-Biochemical, Elemental, and Metabolic Profiling in Different Stages and Accessions of Madhuca longifolia Flowers for Unveiling Their Processing Value and Utilization" Molecules 31, no. 11: 1977. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31111977

APA Style

Purwar, S., Verma, A., Jaiswal, R. P., Mishra, V., Chugh, V., Singh, C. M., Azam, A., Kumar, N., Upadhyay, P., Chaubey, T., & Rai, A. (2026). Chemo-Diversity Landscape Using Physico-Biochemical, Elemental, and Metabolic Profiling in Different Stages and Accessions of Madhuca longifolia Flowers for Unveiling Their Processing Value and Utilization. Molecules, 31(11), 1977. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31111977

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