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Molecules
Volume 31
Issue 1
10.3390/molecules31010168
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Platinum-Based Cytostatics Used in Oncology with Respect to Environmental Fate and Innovative Removal Strategies of Their Metabolites

by
Rafał Olchowski
1,
Kinga Morlo
2 and
Ryszard Dobrowolski
2,*
1
Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka Sq. 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
2
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. C. Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2026, 31(1), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31010168 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 29 October 2025 / Revised: 10 December 2025 / Accepted: 28 December 2025 / Published: 1 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Sustainable Wastewater Treatment—Recent Developments in Hazardous Pollutants Removal)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Pt complexes have been used in human and veterinary oncology for more than 50 years and represent one of the most significant groups of cytostatics. There are a lot of Pt-based compounds, such as cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin, which exhibit high efficiency against many tumors. Their broad application in oncology medicine and improper waste disposal induce environmental pollution by platinum cytostatics and their metabolites. They can cause toxic effects to fauna and flora, even at low concentration levels. Currently used technologies for wastewater treatment are not sufficient in the case of platinum-based metabolites. Their high resistance and toxicity of their degradation byproducts pose a serious problem. In this review, currently applied platinum-based cytostatics, their possible metabolic mechanisms, environmental impact and technological methods for their removal from wastewater and patients’ urine are summarized. Special attention is paid to adsorption methods.
Keywords: cisplatin; carboplatin; oxaliplatin; mechanism of action; removal; adsorption; metabolites; urine; hospital wastewater cisplatin; carboplatin; oxaliplatin; mechanism of action; removal; adsorption; metabolites; urine; hospital wastewater

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MDPI and ACS Style

Olchowski, R.; Morlo, K.; Dobrowolski, R. Platinum-Based Cytostatics Used in Oncology with Respect to Environmental Fate and Innovative Removal Strategies of Their Metabolites. Molecules 2026, 31, 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31010168

AMA Style

Olchowski R, Morlo K, Dobrowolski R. Platinum-Based Cytostatics Used in Oncology with Respect to Environmental Fate and Innovative Removal Strategies of Their Metabolites. Molecules. 2026; 31(1):168. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31010168

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olchowski, Rafał, Kinga Morlo, and Ryszard Dobrowolski. 2026. "Platinum-Based Cytostatics Used in Oncology with Respect to Environmental Fate and Innovative Removal Strategies of Their Metabolites" Molecules 31, no. 1: 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31010168

APA Style

Olchowski, R., Morlo, K., & Dobrowolski, R. (2026). Platinum-Based Cytostatics Used in Oncology with Respect to Environmental Fate and Innovative Removal Strategies of Their Metabolites. Molecules, 31(1), 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31010168

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