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Article

Synthesis and Characterization of Biochar Obtained by Partial Delignification of Waste Biomass

by
Gabriel Vasilievici
1,
Mia Sanda
2,
Marian Băjan
2,
Cristina Dușescu-Vasile
2,*,
Ion Onuțu
2,
Gheorghe Brănoiu
3,
Dorin Bomboș
4,*,
Abeer Baioun
5,
Anca Florentina Borcea
2 and
Andra-Ioana Stănică
6
1
National Institute for Research Development for Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM-București, 202 Spl. Independenței, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
2
Department of Petroleum Refining Engineering and Environmental Protection, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 39 Bucharest Blvd., 100680 Ploiesti, Romania
3
Department of Petroleum Geology and Reservoir Engineering, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 39 Bucharest Blvd., 100680 Ploiesti, Romania
4
Chemistry Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 39 Bucharest Blvd., 100680 Ploiesti, Romania
5
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Damascus, Damascus P.O. Box 30621, Syria
6
Technological Highschool “Toma Socolescu”, Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino St., 328, 100466, Ploiești, Romania
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(23), 4505; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30234505
Submission received: 15 October 2025 / Revised: 15 November 2025 / Accepted: 17 November 2025 / Published: 22 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Removal of Emerging Pollutants and Its Mechanism)
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Abstract

Biochar activation is achieved by removing tar formed in the pores during the thermal treatment of biomass, thereby increasing pore volume. This process typically involves entraining tar with steam at elevated temperatures for extended durations. In this study, a reduction in lignin content in grape seeds through partial solubilization, prior to thermal treatment, is proposed. Initially, grape seeds were treated with a basic sodium sulfide solution, followed by conditioning with either phosphoric acid or zinc chloride and then drying and calcination. The synthesized adsorbents were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), textural analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and evaluation of toluene adsorption capacity. Textural analysis indicated that conditioning with phosphoric acid or zinc chloride increased the specific surface area of biochar by over 20%, with a higher increase observed for phosphoric acid treatment. The toluene adsorption capacity of the adsorbents was assessed in a continuous fixed-bed system. Biochar pretreated with ZnCl2 exhibited an adsorption capacity of 0.11 cm3 of toluene per gram, while biochar pretreated with phosphoric acid demonstrated a capacity of 0.14 cm3 per gram. These results indicate that preliminary delignification of grape seed biomass maintains its adsorption capacity of toluene at levels comparable to other adsorbents, despite a lower activation temperature.
Keywords: waste biomass; adsorption; activated biochar; grape seeds waste biomass; adsorption; activated biochar; grape seeds

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MDPI and ACS Style

Vasilievici, G.; Sanda, M.; Băjan, M.; Dușescu-Vasile, C.; Onuțu, I.; Brănoiu, G.; Bomboș, D.; Baioun, A.; Borcea, A.F.; Stănică, A.-I. Synthesis and Characterization of Biochar Obtained by Partial Delignification of Waste Biomass. Molecules 2025, 30, 4505. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30234505

AMA Style

Vasilievici G, Sanda M, Băjan M, Dușescu-Vasile C, Onuțu I, Brănoiu G, Bomboș D, Baioun A, Borcea AF, Stănică A-I. Synthesis and Characterization of Biochar Obtained by Partial Delignification of Waste Biomass. Molecules. 2025; 30(23):4505. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30234505

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vasilievici, Gabriel, Mia Sanda, Marian Băjan, Cristina Dușescu-Vasile, Ion Onuțu, Gheorghe Brănoiu, Dorin Bomboș, Abeer Baioun, Anca Florentina Borcea, and Andra-Ioana Stănică. 2025. "Synthesis and Characterization of Biochar Obtained by Partial Delignification of Waste Biomass" Molecules 30, no. 23: 4505. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30234505

APA Style

Vasilievici, G., Sanda, M., Băjan, M., Dușescu-Vasile, C., Onuțu, I., Brănoiu, G., Bomboș, D., Baioun, A., Borcea, A. F., & Stănică, A.-I. (2025). Synthesis and Characterization of Biochar Obtained by Partial Delignification of Waste Biomass. Molecules, 30(23), 4505. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30234505

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