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Article

Optimization of Supplemental LED Spectral Quality and Light Dose for Enhancing Biomass and Essential Oil Yield of Ocimum gratissimum L. Under Net House Condition

by
Ha Thi Thu Chu
1,*,†,
Thi Nghiem Vu
2,†,
Thuy Thi Thu Dinh
3,
Phat Tien Do
1,
Tran Quoc Tien
2,
Quang Cong Tong
2,
Quyen Thi Ha
4,
Khanh Quoc Tran
5,* and
William N. Setzer
6,7
1
Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
2
Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
3
Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
4
Faculty of Agricultural Technology, VNU University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10053, Vietnam
5
Laboratory of Adaptive Lighting Systems and Visual Processing, Technical University of Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 4a, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
6
Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
7
Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3753; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183753
Submission received: 28 July 2025 / Revised: 2 September 2025 / Accepted: 12 September 2025 / Published: 15 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oils—Third Edition)
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Abstract

This study investigated optimal supplemental multispectral light-emitting diode (LED) conditions for the growth and essential oil accumulation of Ocimum gratissimum L. (OG) cultivated in a net house over 15 weeks. We hypothesized that supplemental lighting could increase biomass while affecting oil yield or vice versa. Nine lighting treatments were established, combining red (R) and blue (B) with ultraviolet-A (UV-A), green (G), or far-red (Fr) lights, applied for 4, 6, or 8 h/night at 80–120 µmol·m−2·s−1. Essential oils were analyzed by GC/MS-FID, revealing 21–28 compounds, dominated by phenylpropanoids (59.4–71.2%). Eugenol (58.5–69.8%), (Z)-β-ocimene (10.2–12.1%), and germacrene D (7.6–12.1%) were the major constituents. The oils showed weak antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans. All lighting treatments significantly enhanced fresh biomass and oil yield (p < 0.001) compared with the control. The optimal treatment (F2; R, B, and UV-A lights at a photon flux ratio of 71:20:9; 100 µmol·m−2·s−1, 6 h/night) yielded the highest fresh biomass (13.07 ± 0.71 Mg/ha), essential oil (31.39 ± 1.71 L/ha), and eugenol (21.09 ± 1.15 L/ha). These findings demonstrate the strong influence of spectral composition and exposure duration on OG productivity and highlight the potential of tailored LED strategies to improve both biomass and oil quality in cultivation systems.
Keywords: clove basil; Essential oil; eugenol; germacrene D; light spectra; Ocimum gratissimum L.; optimal supplemental lighting treatment; phenylpropanoids; (Z)-β-ocimene clove basil; Essential oil; eugenol; germacrene D; light spectra; Ocimum gratissimum L.; optimal supplemental lighting treatment; phenylpropanoids; (Z)-β-ocimene
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MDPI and ACS Style

Chu, H.T.T.; Vu, T.N.; Dinh, T.T.T.; Do, P.T.; Tien, T.Q.; Tong, Q.C.; Ha, Q.T.; Tran, K.Q.; Setzer, W.N. Optimization of Supplemental LED Spectral Quality and Light Dose for Enhancing Biomass and Essential Oil Yield of Ocimum gratissimum L. Under Net House Condition. Molecules 2025, 30, 3753. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183753

AMA Style

Chu HTT, Vu TN, Dinh TTT, Do PT, Tien TQ, Tong QC, Ha QT, Tran KQ, Setzer WN. Optimization of Supplemental LED Spectral Quality and Light Dose for Enhancing Biomass and Essential Oil Yield of Ocimum gratissimum L. Under Net House Condition. Molecules. 2025; 30(18):3753. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183753

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chu, Ha Thi Thu, Thi Nghiem Vu, Thuy Thi Thu Dinh, Phat Tien Do, Tran Quoc Tien, Quang Cong Tong, Quyen Thi Ha, Khanh Quoc Tran, and William N. Setzer. 2025. "Optimization of Supplemental LED Spectral Quality and Light Dose for Enhancing Biomass and Essential Oil Yield of Ocimum gratissimum L. Under Net House Condition" Molecules 30, no. 18: 3753. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183753

APA Style

Chu, H. T. T., Vu, T. N., Dinh, T. T. T., Do, P. T., Tien, T. Q., Tong, Q. C., Ha, Q. T., Tran, K. Q., & Setzer, W. N. (2025). Optimization of Supplemental LED Spectral Quality and Light Dose for Enhancing Biomass and Essential Oil Yield of Ocimum gratissimum L. Under Net House Condition. Molecules, 30(18), 3753. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183753

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