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Volume 30
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10.3390/molecules30163341
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Article

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Origanum majorana, Salvia officinalis, and Ribes nigrum Against Digestive Pathogens: Polyphenolic Composition and In Vitro Assessment

by
Oana-Roxana Haralambie
1,*,
Cristiana-Ștefania Novac
2,
Dragoș Hodor
3,
Florica Ranga
4 and
Sanda Andrei
1,*
1
Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
2
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
3
Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
4
Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(16), 3341; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163341 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 11 July 2025 / Revised: 29 July 2025 / Accepted: 7 August 2025 / Published: 11 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Agents from Natural Source, 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Digestive pathologies are commonly encountered in both human and veterinary medicine, frequently requiring antibiotic intervention. However, their extensive use has contributed to the global increase in antimicrobial resistance, posing a major public health challenge. With the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, alternative antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed. This study assessed the total polyphenolic content and in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts from Origanum majorana, Salvia officinalis, and Ribes nigrum fruits against six digestive bacterial pathogens: Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Enterobacter cloacae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. The total polyphenolic content of the extracts was 8509.457 μg/g for Salvia officinalis, 8140.996 μg/g for Origanum majorana, and 5776.616 μg/g for Ribes nigrum. R. nigrum showed the strongest antimicrobial effect (MIC 0.002 μg/μL; MBC 0.001 μg/μL) against Y. enterocolitica. S. officinalis had the highest efficacy against E. faecalis, while O. majorana was effective against both Y. enterocolitica and E. faecalis. All extracts showed bactericidal activity with MIC index values between 0.5 and 4. These findings suggest that these polyphenol-rich plant extracts may serve as promising natural antimicrobials or as adjuvants to conventional antibiotics.
Keywords: Origanum majorana; Salvia officinalis; Ribes nigrum; plant extracts; digestive bacteria; antimicrobial activity; polyphenols Origanum majorana; Salvia officinalis; Ribes nigrum; plant extracts; digestive bacteria; antimicrobial activity; polyphenols

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Haralambie, O.-R.; Novac, C.-Ș.; Hodor, D.; Ranga, F.; Andrei, S. Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Origanum majorana, Salvia officinalis, and Ribes nigrum Against Digestive Pathogens: Polyphenolic Composition and In Vitro Assessment. Molecules 2025, 30, 3341. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163341

AMA Style

Haralambie O-R, Novac C-Ș, Hodor D, Ranga F, Andrei S. Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Origanum majorana, Salvia officinalis, and Ribes nigrum Against Digestive Pathogens: Polyphenolic Composition and In Vitro Assessment. Molecules. 2025; 30(16):3341. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163341

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haralambie, Oana-Roxana, Cristiana-Ștefania Novac, Dragoș Hodor, Florica Ranga, and Sanda Andrei. 2025. "Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Origanum majorana, Salvia officinalis, and Ribes nigrum Against Digestive Pathogens: Polyphenolic Composition and In Vitro Assessment" Molecules 30, no. 16: 3341. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163341

APA Style

Haralambie, O.-R., Novac, C.-Ș., Hodor, D., Ranga, F., & Andrei, S. (2025). Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Origanum majorana, Salvia officinalis, and Ribes nigrum Against Digestive Pathogens: Polyphenolic Composition and In Vitro Assessment. Molecules, 30(16), 3341. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163341

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