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Article

Degradation of Folic Acid in the Composition of a Conjugate with Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Fullerene C60 Under UV and E-Beam Irradiation

by
Alina A. Borisenkova
1,2,*,
Dmitriy V. Baykov
1,
Anna V. Titova
1,2,
Vadim V. Bakhmetyev
3,
Maria A. Markova
1,2,
Zhanna B. Lyutova
1,2,
Anton V. Popugaev
1,2,
Vladislav S. Khaleev
4 and
Victor P. Sedov
2
1
Radiation Technology Department, St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), 190013 St. Petersburg, Russia
2
Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
3
Department of Theory of Materials Science, St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), 190013 St. Petersburg, Russia
4
Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 191002 St. Petersburg, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(13), 2718; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132718
Submission received: 6 May 2025 / Revised: 10 June 2025 / Accepted: 20 June 2025 / Published: 24 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Biomedicine: Innovations and Challenges)
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Abstract

Folic acid (FA) is used as a targeting ligand for targeted drug delivery to tumor cells, some types of which overexpress folate receptors on their surface. However, while the preparation of conjugates containing FA may comprise a multi-step process, FA presents low photostability under UV irradiation. In addition, FA undergoes radiolysis under the action of ionizing radiation, which is utilized for drug sterilization. In this study, we investigate the stability of FA in a conjugate (FA-PVP-C60) with fullerene C60 and polyvinylpyrrolidone under the action of UV (205–400 nm) and electron irradiation (doses from 2 to 8 kGy) at different pH (4.5, 7.2, 10.7). The degradation of FA is studied using fluorescence and UV–Vis spectroscopy. It is found that the fullerene C60 in the FA-PVP-C60 conjugate suppresses the degradation of FA during both photolysis and radiolysis, which is confirmed by the decrease in the quantum yield of fluorescence and the radiation chemical yield of FA destruction accompanied by increasing fullerene content in the conjugate (from 2.8 to 10 wt.%).
Keywords: folic acid; fullerene; UV irradiation; photodegradation; radiolysis; radiation chemical yield folic acid; fullerene; UV irradiation; photodegradation; radiolysis; radiation chemical yield

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MDPI and ACS Style

Borisenkova, A.A.; Baykov, D.V.; Titova, A.V.; Bakhmetyev, V.V.; Markova, M.A.; Lyutova, Z.B.; Popugaev, A.V.; Khaleev, V.S.; Sedov, V.P. Degradation of Folic Acid in the Composition of a Conjugate with Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Fullerene C60 Under UV and E-Beam Irradiation. Molecules 2025, 30, 2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132718

AMA Style

Borisenkova AA, Baykov DV, Titova AV, Bakhmetyev VV, Markova MA, Lyutova ZB, Popugaev AV, Khaleev VS, Sedov VP. Degradation of Folic Acid in the Composition of a Conjugate with Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Fullerene C60 Under UV and E-Beam Irradiation. Molecules. 2025; 30(13):2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132718

Chicago/Turabian Style

Borisenkova, Alina A., Dmitriy V. Baykov, Anna V. Titova, Vadim V. Bakhmetyev, Maria A. Markova, Zhanna B. Lyutova, Anton V. Popugaev, Vladislav S. Khaleev, and Victor P. Sedov. 2025. "Degradation of Folic Acid in the Composition of a Conjugate with Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Fullerene C60 Under UV and E-Beam Irradiation" Molecules 30, no. 13: 2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132718

APA Style

Borisenkova, A. A., Baykov, D. V., Titova, A. V., Bakhmetyev, V. V., Markova, M. A., Lyutova, Z. B., Popugaev, A. V., Khaleev, V. S., & Sedov, V. P. (2025). Degradation of Folic Acid in the Composition of a Conjugate with Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Fullerene C60 Under UV and E-Beam Irradiation. Molecules, 30(13), 2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132718

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