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Volume 30
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10.3390/molecules30112281
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Adsorption of Saponin and Saponin–Chitosan Mixture at Water–Oil Interface and Stabilization of Oil-in-Water Emulsions

by
Katarzyna Dziza
1,
Marcel Krzan
2,
Ewelina Jarek
2,
Lilianna Szyk-Warszyńska
2,
Sonia Kudłacik-Kramarczyk
2,
Piotr Warszyński
2,
Eva Santini
1,
Libero Liggieri
1 and
Francesca Ravera
1,*
1
CNR—Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, Unit of Genoa, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy
2
J. Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry PAS, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(11), 2281; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112281
Submission received: 1 April 2025 / Revised: 13 May 2025 / Accepted: 19 May 2025 / Published: 22 May 2025
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Abstract

Investigating the adsorption properties of emulsifiers at water–oil interfaces enables advances in the comprehension of the mechanisms governing emulsion ageing and stabilization. The utilization of natural compounds in emulsion formulations is increasingly relevant for those applications where it is challenging to maintain a low impact on the environment and health. We report here a study on saponin and chitosan at the interface between water and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) oil in relation to the properties of the corresponding emulsions. Complementary experimental approaches have been adopted to investigate interfacial properties and emulsion evolution, relying on drop tensiometry, optical and confocal microscopy, and light transmission/scattering analysis. In addition, molecular dynamics simulation has been undertaken as support for the interpretation of the experimental results. The multi-technique investigation adopted here enabled a better understanding of saponin adsorption properties and of the role of chitosan in emulsion evolution. In particular, the results evidence the formation of amphiphilic saponin–chitosan complexes, which adsorb at the liquid–liquid interface and improve the stability of oil-in-water emulsions. Since the system investigated mainly consists of natural compounds, the results of this work can contribute to the development of new and efficient low-impact formulations.
Keywords: emulsion stability; interfacial tension; dilational viscoelasticity; saponin–chitosan aggregates; coalescence emulsion stability; interfacial tension; dilational viscoelasticity; saponin–chitosan aggregates; coalescence
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MDPI and ACS Style

Dziza, K.; Krzan, M.; Jarek, E.; Szyk-Warszyńska, L.; Kudłacik-Kramarczyk, S.; Warszyński, P.; Santini, E.; Liggieri, L.; Ravera, F. Adsorption of Saponin and Saponin–Chitosan Mixture at Water–Oil Interface and Stabilization of Oil-in-Water Emulsions. Molecules 2025, 30, 2281. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112281

AMA Style

Dziza K, Krzan M, Jarek E, Szyk-Warszyńska L, Kudłacik-Kramarczyk S, Warszyński P, Santini E, Liggieri L, Ravera F. Adsorption of Saponin and Saponin–Chitosan Mixture at Water–Oil Interface and Stabilization of Oil-in-Water Emulsions. Molecules. 2025; 30(11):2281. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112281

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dziza, Katarzyna, Marcel Krzan, Ewelina Jarek, Lilianna Szyk-Warszyńska, Sonia Kudłacik-Kramarczyk, Piotr Warszyński, Eva Santini, Libero Liggieri, and Francesca Ravera. 2025. "Adsorption of Saponin and Saponin–Chitosan Mixture at Water–Oil Interface and Stabilization of Oil-in-Water Emulsions" Molecules 30, no. 11: 2281. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112281

APA Style

Dziza, K., Krzan, M., Jarek, E., Szyk-Warszyńska, L., Kudłacik-Kramarczyk, S., Warszyński, P., Santini, E., Liggieri, L., & Ravera, F. (2025). Adsorption of Saponin and Saponin–Chitosan Mixture at Water–Oil Interface and Stabilization of Oil-in-Water Emulsions. Molecules, 30(11), 2281. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112281

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