The Effect of Peppermint and Thyme Oils on Stabilizing the Fatty Acid Profile of Sunflower Oil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Experimental Material
- -
- Sunflower oil (ZT Bodaczów, Poland) purchased at a supermarket in Lublin. The justification for choosing sunflower oil in the experiment was the fact that fats with a significant content of polyunsaturated acids, such as sunflower or soybean oil, are more susceptible to oxidation.
- -
- Peppermint and thyme oils obtained from peppermint leaves (Mentha × piperita L.) and common thyme herb (Thymus vulgaris L.) produced by Dary Natury (Koryciny, Poland). The essential oil was distilled in accordance with the procedure described in the Polish Pharmacopoeia VIII (2008) [49].
3.2. Addition of Antioxidant (BHA) and Peppermint and Thyme Oils
- BHA: 0.06%, 0.12%, 0.18%;
- Peppermint and thyme oils: 0.06%, 0.09%, 0.12%, 0.15%, 0.18%, 0.21%.
3.3. Storage of Samples and Materials for Analyses
3.4. Determination of Fatty Acids
3.5. Determination of Essential Oils’ Chemical Composition
GC Analysis
- GC/MS
- GC/FID
3.6. Determination of Properties of Peppermint and Thyme Oils Inhibiting Changes in Fatty Acid Composition Compared to BHA
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fatty Acid | Concentration (g/100 g) |
---|---|
Palmitic acid 16:0 | 7.40 ± 0.23 |
Stearic acid 18:0 | 2.67 ± 0.16 |
Oleic acid 18:1 cis | 22.18 ± 0.84 |
Linoleic acid 18:2 | 57.91 ± 0.43 |
α-Linolenic acid 18:3 α | 0.45 ± 0.03 |
Arachidic acid 20:0 | 0.20 ± 0.04 |
cis-11-Eicosenoic acid 20:1 | 0.24 ± 0.04 |
Σ | 91.05 ± 1.05 |
Compound | RI | RILit | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
α-Pinene | 938 | 932 | 0.52% |
Camphene | 955 | 946 | tr. |
Sabinene | 976 | 969 | 0.28% |
β-Pinene | 982 | 974 | 0.67% |
Myrcene | 993 | 988 | 0.14% |
2-Octanol | 1004 | 994 | tr. |
p-Cymene | 1028 | 1020 | tr. |
Limonene | 1031 | 1024 | 0.49% |
1,8-Cineole | 1034 | 1026 | 3.73% |
(Z)-β-Ocimene | 1037 | 1032 | tr. |
γ-Terpinene | 1060 | 1054 | tr. |
cis-Sabinene hydrate | 1073 | 1065 | 0.05% |
Linalool | 1101 | 1095 | 0.17% |
3-Octanol acetate | 1118 | 1120 | tr. |
cis-Sabinol | 1144 | 1135 | 0.07% |
trans-Sabinol | 1146 | 1137 | 0.12% |
trans-Verbenol | 1150 | 1140 | 0.10% |
neo-Isopulegol | 1152 | 1144 | 0.17% |
Menthone | 1160 | 1148 | 31.26% |
iso-Menthone | 1170 | 1158 | 8.44% |
neo-Menthol | 1174 | 1161 | 2.56% |
Menthol | 1183 | 1167 | 25.71% |
iso-Menthol | 1194 | 1179 | 0.48% |
neo-iso-Menthol | 1198 | 1184 | 0.12% |
Pulegone | 1249 | 1233 | 0.71% |
Piperitone | 1266 | 1249 | 1.18% |
neo-Menthyl acetate | 1279 | 1271 | 0.22% |
Menthyl acetate | 1297 | 1294 | 10.50% |
iso-Menthyl acetate | 1314 | 1304 | 0.36% |
α-Copaene | 1382 | 1374 | 0.06% |
β-Bourbonene | 1390 | 1387 | 0.47% |
β-Elemene | 1394 | 1389 | 0.61% |
E-Caryophyllene | 1429 | 1417 | 3.33% |
β-Copaene | 1440 | 1430 | 0.10% |
cis-Muurola-3,5-diene | 1457 | 1448 | 0.12% |
(E)-β-Farnesene | 1461 | 1454 | 0.22% |
α-Humulene | 1469 | 1452 | 0.17% |
cis-Muurola-4(14),5-diene | 1475 | 1465 | 0.23% |
γ-Muurolene | 1488 | 1478 | 0.06% |
Germacrene D | 1496 | 1484 | 3.38% |
β-Selinene | 1505 | 1489 | tr. |
Bicyclogermacrene | 1511 | 1500 | 0.30% |
Germacrene A | 1522 | 1508 | 0.12% |
γ-Cadinene | 1527 | 1513 | tr. |
δ-Cadinene | 1530 | 1522 | 0.14% |
cis-Calamenene | 1534 | 1528 | 0.05% |
α-Cadinene | 1549 | 1537 | tr. |
Spathulenol (-) | 1588 | 1577 | 0.15% |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1593 | 1582 | 0.39% |
Viridiflorol | 1605 | 1592 | 0.47% |
1,10-di-epi-Cubenol | 1625 | 1618 | 0.06% |
τ-Muurolol | 1658 | 1642 | 0.20% |
Compound | RI | RILit | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Heptane | 702 | 700 | tr. |
3-metyhyl-3-Buten-1-ol | 729 | 723 | 0.07% |
Hexanal | 805 | 801 | tr. |
3E-Hexenol | 854 | 844 | tr. |
N-Hexanol | 867 | 863 | tr. |
α-Thujene | 927 | 924 | 0.92% |
α-Pinene | 935 | 932 | 0.98% |
Camphene | 952 | 946 | 0.42% |
Sabinene | 974 | 969 | tr. |
β-Pinene | 982 | 974 | 0.48% |
1-Octen-3-ol | 983 | 974 | 0.38% |
Myrcene | 992 | 988 | 2.21% |
2-Octanol | 1001 | 994 | 0.11% |
α-Phellandrene | 1010 | 1002 | 0.25% |
δ-3-Carene | 1015 | 1008 | 2.38% |
α-Terpinene | 1016 | 1014 | 0.10% |
p-Cymene | 1032 | 1020 | 14.68% |
Limonene | 1034 | 1024 | 0.32% |
β-Phellandrene | 1035 | 1025 | 0.14% |
1,8-Cineole | 1037 | 1026 | 0.27% |
γ-Terpinene | 1063 | 1054 | 11.15% |
cis-Sabinene hydrate | 1075 | 1065 | 0.77% |
Terpinolene | 1088 | 1086 | 0.14% |
p-Cymenene | 1095 | 1089 | tr. |
Linalool | 1105 | 1095 | 2.09% |
trans-Sabinene hydrate | 1108 | 1065 | tr. |
Camphor | 1153 | 1141 | tr. |
Borneol | 1179 | 1165 | 0.17% |
Terpinen-4-ol | 1185 | 1174 | 0.40% |
γ-Terpineol | 1213 | 1199 | 0.16% |
Thymol, methyl ether | 1234 | 1232 | 0.74% |
Carvacrol, methyl ether | 1242 | 1241 | 0.52% |
Geranial | 1269 | 1264 | tr. |
Thymol | 1311 | 1289 | 52.91% |
Carvacrol | 1316 | 1298 | 2.34% |
Thymol acetate | 1351 | 1349 | 0.07% |
Eugenol | 1359 | 1356 | 0.07% |
α-Copaene | 1378 | 1374 | tr. |
Isobornyl propanoate | 1380 | 1383 | tr. |
β-Bourbonene | 1386 | 1387 | tr. |
Methyl eugenol | 1407 | 1401 | 0.12% |
E-Caryophyllene | 1423 | 1417 | 1.38% |
β-Copaene | 1432 | 1430 | tr. |
Aromadendrene | 1440 | 1439 | tr. |
α-Humulene | 1457 | 1452 | 0.09% |
Geranyl propanoate | 1473 | 1476 | 0.18% |
γ-Muurolene | 1477 | 1478 | 0.12% |
Germacrene D | 1483 | 1484 | tr. |
γ-Amorphene | 1494 | 1495 | tr. |
α-Muurolene | 1500 | 1500 | tr. |
β-Bisabolene | 1510 | 1505 | 0.08% |
γ-Cadinene | 1516 | 1513 | 0.22% |
δ-Cadinene | 1520 | 1522 | 0.27% |
α-Cadinene | 1539 | 1537 | tr. |
α-Calacorene | 1544 | 1544 | tr. |
Elemicin | 1553 | 1555 | 0.15% |
Geranyl butanoate | 1559 | 1562 | tr. |
Spathulenol | 1580 | 1577 | tr. |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1585 | 1582 | 0.25% |
Humulene epoxide II | 1613 | 1608 | tr. |
1,10-di-epi-Cubenol | 1618 | 1618 | 0.06% |
10-epi-γ-Eudesmol | 1626 | 1622 | 0.13% |
1-epi-Cubenol | 1631 | 1627 | tr. |
τ-Cadinol | 1646 | 1640 | 0.42% |
α-Cadinol | 1659 | 1652 | 0.09% |
7-epi-α-Eudesmol | 1665 | 1662 | tr. |
14-hydroxy-9-epi-(E)-Caryophyllene | 1675 | 1668 | tr. |
2Z,6Z-Farnesol | 1698 | 1698 | 0.14% |
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Kowalski, R.; Kowalska, G.; Mitura, P.; Rowiński, R.; Pankiewicz, U.; Hawlena, J. The Effect of Peppermint and Thyme Oils on Stabilizing the Fatty Acid Profile of Sunflower Oil. Molecules 2024, 29, 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020292
Kowalski R, Kowalska G, Mitura P, Rowiński R, Pankiewicz U, Hawlena J. The Effect of Peppermint and Thyme Oils on Stabilizing the Fatty Acid Profile of Sunflower Oil. Molecules. 2024; 29(2):292. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020292
Chicago/Turabian StyleKowalski, Radosław, Grażyna Kowalska, Przemysław Mitura, Rafał Rowiński, Urszula Pankiewicz, and Joanna Hawlena. 2024. "The Effect of Peppermint and Thyme Oils on Stabilizing the Fatty Acid Profile of Sunflower Oil" Molecules 29, no. 2: 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020292