Emerging Strategies for Enhancing Propionate Conversion in Anaerobic Digestion: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Production and Metabolism of Propionate in Anaerobic Digesters
2.1. Production of Propionate
2.2. Metabolism of Propionate
3. Critical Parameters Influencing the Biodegradation of Propionate
4. Engineering Strategies for Enhancing the Biodegradation of Propionate
4.1. Buffering Addition
4.2. Bioaugmentation
4.3. Supplementary Trace Elements
4.4. Addition of Sulfate
4.5. Addition of Nitrogen-Containing Compound
4.6. Addition of Conductive Material
4.7. Nano-Sized Additives
4.8. Degasification of Dissolved Hydrogen
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reaction | ΔG (kJ/mol, 25 °C) |
---|---|
(i) CH3COO− + H2O → HCO3− + CH4 | −31.0 |
(ii) CH3CH2COO− + 3 H2O → CH3COO− + HCO3− + H+ + 3 H2 | +76.1 |
(iii) CH3CH2CH2COO− + 2H2O → 2CH3COO− + H+ + 2H2 | +48.4 |
(iv) CH3CH2CH2CH2COO− + 2H2O → CH3COO− + CH3CH2COO− + H+ + 2H2 | +25.1 |
(M) 4 H2 + HCO3− + H+ → CH4 + 3 H2O | −135.6 |
(ii + M) 4 CH3CH2COO− + 3H2O → 4 CH3COO− + HCO3− + H+ + 3 CH4 | −102.4 |
Possible Electrophilic Micro-Organism or Electron Acceptor | Possible Electron Donator | Conduit | Employed Concentration | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Methanothrix | Syntrophobacteraceae Thiobacillaceae | Pyrite | 5–40 g/L | [144] |
Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans | Geobacter sulfurreducens | electric wire | / | [145] |
Geobacter, Syntrophobacter, Smithella, and Methanosaeta | Geobacter | coupled effects of ethanol and Fe3O4 | 500 mg COD/L ethanol + 10 g/L Fe3O4 | [146] |
Methanothrix | Levilinea | Fe2O3-loaded carbon cloth | / | [147] |
Methanospirillum, Methanosphaerula | Thauera sp. | Magnetite | 10–1000 mg/L | [148] |
Methanosaeta sp. | Geobacter sp. | biochar | 5 g/L | [149] |
Methanosaeta sp., Methanosarcina sp. | Geobacter sp. | Electronically conductive pili | [149] | |
CO2-reducing methanogens | Propionate-oxidazing acetogens | Magnetite | [150] | |
Methanobacterium | Thauera sp. | Magnetite | 20 mM | [64] |
Methanosaeta and Methanosarcina sp. | Geobacter | Graphite felt | [151] | |
Methanobacterium sp. | Anaerolineae and Clostridia | Granular activated carbon | 0∼5.0 g | [152] |
Methanosaeta sp. | Propionate and Butyrate | carbon fibers | [153] |
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Mu, L.; Wang, Y.; Xu, F.; Li, J.; Tao, J.; Sun, Y.; Song, Y.; Duan, Z.; Li, S.; Chen, G. Emerging Strategies for Enhancing Propionate Conversion in Anaerobic Digestion: A Review. Molecules 2023, 28, 3883. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093883
Mu L, Wang Y, Xu F, Li J, Tao J, Sun Y, Song Y, Duan Z, Li S, Chen G. Emerging Strategies for Enhancing Propionate Conversion in Anaerobic Digestion: A Review. Molecules. 2023; 28(9):3883. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093883
Chicago/Turabian StyleMu, Lan, Yifan Wang, Fenglian Xu, Jinhe Li, Junyu Tao, Yunan Sun, Yingjin Song, Zhaodan Duan, Siyi Li, and Guanyi Chen. 2023. "Emerging Strategies for Enhancing Propionate Conversion in Anaerobic Digestion: A Review" Molecules 28, no. 9: 3883. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093883