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Review

Abscopal Effect, Extracellular Vesicles and Their Immunotherapeutic Potential in Cancer Treatment

by
Aleli Salazar
1,†,
Víctor Chavarria
1,2,†,
Itamar Flores
1,†,
Samanta Ruiz
1,
Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
3,
Francisco Javier Sánchez-García
2 and
Benjamin Pineda
1,*
1
Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
2
Immunoregulation Lab, Department of Immunology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
3
Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Molecules 2023, 28(9), 3816; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093816
Submission received: 5 April 2023 / Revised: 25 April 2023 / Accepted: 27 April 2023 / Published: 29 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in the Discovery and Development of New Therapies against Cancer)
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Abstract

The communication between tumor cells and the microenvironment plays a fundamental role in the development, growth and further immune escape of the tumor. This communication is partially regulated by extracellular vesicles which can direct the behavior of surrounding cells. In recent years, it has been proposed that this feature could be applied as a potential treatment against cancer, since several studies have shown that tumors treated with radiotherapy can elicit a strong enough immune response to eliminate distant metastasis; this phenomenon is called the abscopal effect. The mechanism behind this effect may include the release of extracellular vesicles loaded with damage-associated molecular patterns and tumor-derived antigens which activates an antigen-specific immune response. This review will focus on the recent discoveries in cancer cell communications via extracellular vesicles and their implication in tumor development, as well as their potential use as an immunotherapeutic treatment against cancer.
Keywords: cancer; extracellular vesicles; abscopal effect; DAMPs cancer; extracellular vesicles; abscopal effect; DAMPs

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MDPI and ACS Style

Salazar, A.; Chavarria, V.; Flores, I.; Ruiz, S.; Pérez de la Cruz, V.; Sánchez-García, F.J.; Pineda, B. Abscopal Effect, Extracellular Vesicles and Their Immunotherapeutic Potential in Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2023, 28, 3816. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093816

AMA Style

Salazar A, Chavarria V, Flores I, Ruiz S, Pérez de la Cruz V, Sánchez-García FJ, Pineda B. Abscopal Effect, Extracellular Vesicles and Their Immunotherapeutic Potential in Cancer Treatment. Molecules. 2023; 28(9):3816. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093816

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salazar, Aleli, Víctor Chavarria, Itamar Flores, Samanta Ruiz, Verónica Pérez de la Cruz, Francisco Javier Sánchez-García, and Benjamin Pineda. 2023. "Abscopal Effect, Extracellular Vesicles and Their Immunotherapeutic Potential in Cancer Treatment" Molecules 28, no. 9: 3816. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093816

APA Style

Salazar, A., Chavarria, V., Flores, I., Ruiz, S., Pérez de la Cruz, V., Sánchez-García, F. J., & Pineda, B. (2023). Abscopal Effect, Extracellular Vesicles and Their Immunotherapeutic Potential in Cancer Treatment. Molecules, 28(9), 3816. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093816

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