The Classification, Molecular Structure and Biological Biosynthesis of Flavonoids, and Their Roles in Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Flavonoids Classification
2.1. Flavones
2.2. Flavonols
2.3. Flavanones
2.4. Isoflavonoids
2.5. Neoflavonoids
2.6. Flavanols, Flavan-3-ols or Catechins
2.7. Anthocyanins
3. Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Plants
3.1. Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthesis
3.2. Transcription Factors (TFs) Regulate Flavonoid Biosynthesis
3.3. Non-Coding RNA Regulates Flavonoid Biosynthesis
4. The Roles of Flavonoid Compounds in Various Stresses
4.1. Biotic Stress
4.1.1. The Roles of Flavonoids in the Invasion of Nematodes
4.1.2. The Roles of Flavonoids in the Invasion of Pathogenic Fungi
4.1.3. Antibacterial Effects of Flavonoids
4.2. Abiotic Stress
4.2.1. UV Stress
4.2.2. Cold Stress
4.2.3. Salt Stress
4.2.4. Drought Stress
4.2.5. Heavy Metal Stress
5. Transgenic Technologies Used in Enhancing Stress Resistance
5.1. Transgenic Technology Used in Enhancing UV and HL Resistance
5.2. Transgenic Technology Used in Enhancing Salt Resistance
5.3. Transgenic Technology Used in Enhancing Drought Resistance
5.4. Transgenic Technology Used in Enhancing Low Temperature Resistance
6. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene Name | Expression Status | Roles in Biosynthesis | Stress Resistance in Plants | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Structural genes | ||||
PAL | High expression under stress | Involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids | Played positive roles in response to abiotic stress | [16,72,104,124] |
C4H | High expression under stress | Involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids | Played positive roles in response to abiotic stress | [105,216,217,218] |
4CL | High expression under stress | Involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids | Played positive roles in response to abiotic stress | [106,216,217] |
CHS | High expression under stress | Involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids | Played positive roles in response to abiotic stress | [108,219,220] |
CHI | High expression under stress | Involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids | Played positive roles in response to abiotic stress | [109,221,222,223] |
FNS | High expression under stress | Involved in the biosynthesis of flavones | Played positive roles in response to UV and salt stress | [224] |
F3H | Constitutive of high expression in transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco | Involved in the biosynthesis of flavan-3-ol (catechin and epicatechin) | Played positive roles in response to salt, drought and cold stress | [225,226,227] |
F3’H | High expression under stress | Involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids | Played positive roles in response to abiotic stress | [112,113,114,120,121] |
F3’5’H | High expression under stress | Involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids | Played positive roles in response to abiotic stress | [112,113,114,115,216,217] |
IFS | High expression under stress | Involved in the biosynthesis of isoflavones | Played positive roles in response to salt osmotic stress | [228] |
FLS | High expression under stress | Involved in the biosynthesis of flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin) | Played positive roles in response to UV stress, salinity stress, drought stress, cold stress and heavy metal stress | [114,133,215,229,230] |
DFR | Constitutive of high expression in transgenic Arabidopsis | Involved in the biosynthesis of leucoanthocyanidin and anthocyanins | Played positive roles in response to salt, cold and UV stress | [114,231,232] |
ANS | High expression under stress | Involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanidin | Played positive roles in response to abiotic stress | [151,203,233,234,235] |
UFGT | High expression under stress | Involved in synthesis of stable anthocyanins | Played positive roles in response to abiotic stress | [120,121,151,233,234,235] |
Transcription factors | ||||
MYB | Constitutive of high expression in transgenic Arabidopsis and Petunia | Regulated of anthocyanins and other flavonoids biosynthesis | Played positive roles in response to UV, salt and heavy metal stress | [236] |
bHLH | Constitutive of high expression in transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco | Regulated of flavonols, flavanols, anthocyanins, and flavanones biosynthesis | Played positive roles in response to drought, freezing and salt stress | [237,238,239] |
WD40 | Constitutive of high expression in transgenic Arabidopsis | Regulated of flavonoids biosynthesis | Played positive roles in response to ABA and salt osmotic stress | [240] |
bZIP | Constitutive of high expression in transgenic tobacco | Regulated of flavonoids biosynthesis | Played positive roles in response to High light, UV and salt stress | [147,216,217] |
NAC | high expression; Constitutive of high expression in transgenic Arabidopsis | Regulated of anthocyanins and procyanidins biosynthesis | Played positive roles in response to High light and UV stress | [143,148,149] |
MADS-box | High expression under stress | Regulated of flavonoids biosynthesis | Played positive roles in response to cold, salt, and drought stress | [223,233,234,235,241] |
WRKY | High expression under stress; Constitutive of high expression in transgenic apple | Regulated of anthocyanins and other flavonoids biosynthesis | Played positive roles in response to cold, drought, and UV stress | [151,242,243] |
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Zhuang, W.-B.; Li, Y.-H.; Shu, X.-C.; Pu, Y.-T.; Wang, X.-J.; Wang, T.; Wang, Z. The Classification, Molecular Structure and Biological Biosynthesis of Flavonoids, and Their Roles in Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. Molecules 2023, 28, 3599. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083599
Zhuang W-B, Li Y-H, Shu X-C, Pu Y-T, Wang X-J, Wang T, Wang Z. The Classification, Molecular Structure and Biological Biosynthesis of Flavonoids, and Their Roles in Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. Molecules. 2023; 28(8):3599. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083599
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhuang, Wei-Bing, Yu-Hang Li, Xiao-Chun Shu, Yu-Ting Pu, Xiao-Jing Wang, Tao Wang, and Zhong Wang. 2023. "The Classification, Molecular Structure and Biological Biosynthesis of Flavonoids, and Their Roles in Biotic and Abiotic Stresses" Molecules 28, no. 8: 3599. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083599