Monitoring the Release of Methylglyoxal (MGO) from Honey and Honey-Based Formulations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Samples
4.2. Chemicals and Reagents
4.3. In Vitro Release of MGO
4.4. HPLC Analysis of Released MGO
4.4.1. HPLC Conditions
4.4.2. Preparation of PFBHA Derivatisation Solution
4.4.3. Preparation of HA Internal Standard Solution
4.4.4. Preparation of Artificial Honey with Known MGO Content
4.4.5. Preparation of Standards
4.4.6. Sample Preparation
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample * | MGO at Baseline | % MGO of Baseline Released at Different Time Points (h) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 12 | ||
MGO solution | 0.6 (mg/mL) | 75.01 ± 0.90 | 100.00 ± 0.0 | 100.00 ± 0.0 | 100.00 ± 0.0 | 100.00 ± 0.0 | 100.00 ± 0.0 | 100.00 ± 0.0 |
Artificial Honey | 500.11 ± 1.55 (mg/kg) | 14.69 ± 0.94 | 27.81 ± 1.30 | 36.27 ± 1.40 | 59.89 ± 2.20 | 85.08 ± 1.80 | 94.81 ± 1.50 | 99.49 ± 1.90 |
Pure NZ Manuka Honey | 348.53 ± 1.84 (mg/kg) | 16.60 ± 1.20 | 25.65 ± 0.98 | 33.87 ± 1.60 | 58.82 ± 1.90 | 83.88 ± 1.60 | 92.94 ± 1.40 | 98.05 ± 1.30 |
Product A | 252.55 ± 1.84 (mg/kg) | 13.28 ± 0.95 | 26.95 ± 1.70 | 34.67 ± 1.40 | 52.81 ± 1.31 | 79.49 ± 1.91 | 88.74 ± 2.10 | 95.26 ± 1.20 |
Product B | 779.42 ± 1.34 (mg/kg) | 12.33 ± 1.40 | 22.49 ± 1.80 | 32.87 ± 1.20 | 53.86 ± 1.50 | 81.41 ± 1.80 | 90.11 ± 1.90 | 96.85 ± 1.40 |
Product C | 605.45 ± 1.54 (mg/kg) | 10.25 ± 1.10 | 15.37 ± 1.20 | 21.50 ± 1.30 | 38.80 ± 2.10 | 63.63 ± 1.40 | 79.24 ± 1.80 | 86.30 ± 1.20 |
Product D | 700.14 ± 1.68 (mg/kg) | 10.45 ± 1.20 | 19.97 ± 1.40 | 27.53 ± 1.20 | 51.06 ± 1.50 | 76.54 ± 1.60 | 85.23 ± 1.50 | 91.34 ± 1.70 |
Product E | 156.03 ± 1.75 (mg/kg) | 14.25 ± 1.30 | 25.72 ± 1.40 | 34.54 ± 1.60 | 55.95 ± 1.30 | 82.36 ± 1.10 | 91.13 ± 1.50 | 97.18 ± 1.40 |
Sample | Time (h) Required to Release 25, 50 and 75% MGO | ||
---|---|---|---|
T25% | T50% | T75% | |
MGO solution | 0.083 ± 1.10 | 0.17 ± 1.20 | 0.25 ± 1.10 |
Artificial Honey | 0.44 ± 0.94 | 2.09 ± 1.3 | 4.63 ± 1.43 |
Pure NZ Manuka Honey | 0.49 ± 1.21 | 2.24 ± 0.98 | 4.75 ± 1.62 |
Product A | 0.45 ± 0.95 | 2.69 ± 1.72 | 5.38 ± 1.41 |
Product B | 0.56 ± 1.42 | 2.61 ± 1.81 | 5.13 ± 1.22 |
Product C | 1.63 ± 1.10 | 4.26 ± 1.23 | 8.0 ± 1.34 |
Product D | 0.78 ± 1.20 | 2.88 ± 1.42 | 5.75 ± 1.21 |
Product E | 0.48 ± 1.30 | 2.38 ± 1.41 | 5.0 ± 1.61 |
Product Name * | Product Type | Manuka Honey (%) | Stated MGO Content (mg/kg) | Listed Excipients | Claimed Application |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Product A | Gel | 80 | Not stated | Sweet almond oil (Prunus amygdalus) | Contact layer for wounds such as venous ulcers, pressure ulcers (I–IV), diabetic Ulcers, 1st and 2nd degree burns, surgical wounds, donor and recipient graft sites, sloughy, malodorous wounds, general First Aid |
Product B | Gel | 99 | 800 | Allantoin, propylene glycol | Burns, acute and chronic wounds, venous and arterial leg ulcers, diabetic, lower limb/foot ulcers, pressure sores, minor infection of postoperative wounds |
Product C | Gel | 80 | Not stated | Natural oils and waxes | Non-healing and chronic wounds, traumatic, acute and surgical wounds, malodorous and sloughy wounds, burns and as a general first aid |
Product D | Gel | 80 | Not stated | Natural wax and oils | Diabetic foot ulcers, leg ulcers, pressure ulcers/ sores, 1st and 2nd degree partial thickness burns, donor sites, and traumatic and surgical wounds |
Product E | Gel | 98 | Not stated | Glycerol, Gum (Acacia senegal) | Dry eye symptoms such as sore, irritated eyes and eyelids. Assist the surface health of the eye by creating a microenvironment that supports healing and prevents further damage |
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Hossain, M.L.; Lim, L.Y.; Hammer, K.; Hettiarachchi, D.; Locher, C. Monitoring the Release of Methylglyoxal (MGO) from Honey and Honey-Based Formulations. Molecules 2023, 28, 2858. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062858
Hossain ML, Lim LY, Hammer K, Hettiarachchi D, Locher C. Monitoring the Release of Methylglyoxal (MGO) from Honey and Honey-Based Formulations. Molecules. 2023; 28(6):2858. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062858
Chicago/Turabian StyleHossain, Md Lokman, Lee Yong Lim, Katherine Hammer, Dhanushka Hettiarachchi, and Cornelia Locher. 2023. "Monitoring the Release of Methylglyoxal (MGO) from Honey and Honey-Based Formulations" Molecules 28, no. 6: 2858. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062858