Recent Progress on Nanocarriers for Topical-Mediated RNAi Strategies for Crop Protection—A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Non-Transformative RNAi Strategies
2.1. Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH)
2.2. Carbon Dots (CDs)
2.3. Carbon Nanotubes
2.4. Chitosan
2.5. Peptides
2.6. Gold Nanoparticles
2.7. Other Potential Carriers—Silica and Liposomes
3. Potential Risks, Safety Concerns and Limitations
4. Conclusions and Future Direction
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Delivery Vehicle | Synthesis Method a | Surface Modification | Particle Sizes | RNA Size | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) | Co-precipitation | Mg3Al–NO3-LDH | 80 to 300 nm | 330 bp and 977 bp dsRNA hairpin | [18] |
Co-precipitation | Mg3Al–NO3-LDH | 50 to 120 nm | 300 bp dsRNA | [25] | ||
Co-precipitation | Mg3Al–NO3-LDH | 30 to 90 nm | 30–40 bp dsRNA | [26] | ||
2 | Carbon Dot (CD) | Solvothermal | Branched Polyethyleneimine | 2.7 to 3.9 nm | 22 nt siRNA | [27] |
CD-Branched Polyethylenimine (bPEI) | Hydrothermal | Lipid modification (addition of 1,2-epoxytetradecane) | 220 nm | 250 bp dsRNA | [28] | |
3 | Carbon Nanotube (CNT) | HiPco | Not reported | 776 nm (length), 1.567 nm (height) | 19 nt siRNA | [29] |
4 | Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) (i.e., Bp100) | Chemical synthesis | Polycation (KH)9 | 100 to 300 nm | 456 bp dsRNA | [17] |
5 | Gold (Au) Nanoparticle | Chemical synthesis | Poly-l-arginine | 60 to 100 nm | 355 bp dsRNA | [30] |
Chemical synthesis | Polyethyleneimine | 6 to 30 nm | 21 bp siRNA | [31] | ||
6 | Chitosan Nanoparticle | Chemical synthesis | Hydrochloric acid (HCl) | 73.25 nm | 40 bp DNA producing 21 nt ssRNA | [32] |
7 | Star Polycation (SPc) | Chemical synthesis | hpRNA-SPc | Not reported | 331, 333, 413 and 508 bp hairpin dsRNA | [33] |
dsRNA-SPc | Not reported | 359 and 489 bp dsRNA | [34] |
No | Delivery Vehicle | Mode of Delivery | Target/Effect | Exposure | Durability | Efficacy | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) | Topical application on A. thaliana leaves or spray atomizer on V. unguiculata and N. tabacum | Viruses. Silences replicase gene of PMMoV and target gene of CMV | 200 μL samples of 15 μg CMV2b-dsRNA–LDH, sprayed at day 0 only | Partial degradation was observed for naked dsRNAs after 2 min while dsRNA-LDHs remain intact | LDH-only treated plants developed more necrotic lesions compared to dsRNA-LDH at the same time points (Day 1 and 5). LDH-dsRNA offered higher protection against the virus at 20 days post spraying | [18] |
S. lycopersicum pollen drenching | Virus. Silences target gene of CMV | Concentrations of LDH-50 and dsRNA were 100 and 10 mg/L. Treatment is up to 7 days | Complete degradation for naked dsRNAs after 10 min while dsRNA-LDHs remain intact | Treatment for 3 days with LDH–dsRNA led to a 16.7% decrease in GUS protein activity. No significant changes were observed with naked dsRNAs alone after treatment for 7 days | [25] | ||
Leave spray, petiole adsorption or root dripping | Fungus. Silences FoCYP51, FoChs1 and FoEF2 genes of Fusarium oxysporum | Leaves spray & petioles adsorption: 300 μg of dsRNAs in 3 mL of ddH2O per plant Root dipping: 3 μg of dsRNA in 3 mL of nano solution per plant | Degradation of naked dsRNA began after 1 min and completed after 10 min. dsRNA bounded LDH is still intact after 1 h of incubation | Disease severity that was observed for leaves spray (10%), petioles adsorption (15%) and dipping roots (35%) | [26] | ||
2 | Carbon Dots (CD) | Low-pressure spray | Host Plant. Silencing GFP transgenes and endogenous genes in N. benthamiana and S. ycopersicum | Concentration of siRNA/CD is 12 ng/μL, and is sprayed on plants at Days 1, 7 and 14 | Complete degradation of naked dsRNAs in 15 min. dsRNA-CDs remain intact after a 60-minincubation | A 79% reduction was observed in the phenotypic tissues at Day 5 after treatment. Bleaching phenotype persisted up to 20 days after treatment | [27] |
3 | CD-Branched Polyethylenimine (CD- bPEI) | Leave spray and petiole immersion | Virus. Silences RNA polymerase and coat protein genes of Grapevine leafroll associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) | A 0.00092 g/mL and translatedinto a 32x dilution factor | Degradation of naked dsRNAs began after 2 h while dsRNA-CDs-bPEI remain intact | Virus titre decreased over three weeks after a single-dose administration, but multiple doses are needed to improve fruit quality | [28] |
4 | Carbon Nanotube (CNT) | Needleless syringe infiltration on leaves of N. benthamiana | Host Plant. Silences mGFP5 transgenes in leaves | Concentrations: siRNA (100 nM) SWNT (2 mg/liter) | Degradation (94%) of naked dsRNAs after 6 h. dsRNA-SNWT degradation (30%) after 6 h | Gene silencing efficiency was up to 95% within 1 day after infiltration | [29] |
5 | Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) (i.e., Bp100) | Needleless syringe infiltration on A. thaliana leaves | Insect. Silence GFP and firefly luciferase genes | 100 μL of the dsRNA-peptide, incubated for up to 36 h | Naked dsRNAs were slightly degraded after 12 h while the dsRNA-peptides remain intact | No silencing effects was observed for naked dsRNAs while genetic down-regulation was observed for dsRNA-peptides within 12 h and up to 36 h | [17] |
6 | Gold Nanoparticle | Not tested on plants (insect cell assay only) | Insect. Silences Luciferase gene in Spodopteria frugiperda | dsRNA (50 μg/mL) | dsRNA-Au showed better endosomal escape compared to dsRNA alone. | Up to 58% reduction of the luciferase activity for dsRNA-Au compared to dsRNA alone | [30] |
Needleless syringe infiltration on mGFP5 N. benthamiana leaves without needle | Host Plant. Silences mGFP5 transgenes in N. benthamiana leaves | 100 ng of siRNA | Complete degradation was observed after 30 min of incubation for naked dsRNAs while dsRNA-Gold NP remain intact | No upregulation of NbrbohB suggests low to no stress to plant tissues | [31] | ||
7 | Chitosan Nanoparticle | Not tested | Virus. Silences coat protein gene of Tomato mosaicvirus | 200 μg/mL of the dsRNA-chitosan. | Not reported | dsRNA-chitosan has low toxicity with no inhibitory effects on root development | [32] |
8 | Star Polycation (SPc) | Spray on oilseed rapes leaves infested with Myzus persicae using pneumatic water sprayer | Insect. Silences essential genes. ATP-A: 413 bp, LOC111039523; ATP-d: 383 bp, LOC111041166; ATP-G: 301 bp, LOC111040044 of M. persicae | 0.2 μL dsRNA/SPc formulation sprayed at Day 0 | Complete degradation was observed for naked dsRNAs in 12.5% of aphid hemolymph after 1.5 h while dsRNA-SPc remain intact. | Control efficacy was 61% on Day 3 after treatment with SPc-dsRNA and maintained at 50% until Day 6. | [33] |
Root drenching | Insect. Silencing M. persicae vestigial (vg) & Ultrabithorax (Ubx) genes involved in wing formation. | Exposing radish seedling to 200 μL dsRNA/SPc formulation at Day 0 prior to M. persica transplantation | Not reported | About 40% of M. persica developed effective wings when both dsRNA-genes were used | [34] |
Application Number | Priority Date | Legal Status | Assignee | Invention Details |
---|---|---|---|---|
US15/579,120 | 03.06.2015 | Granted in US (2020) | Monsanto Technology LLC | Composition: Polynucleotide, particulate and osmolyte Delivery: Abrading a surface of a plant with a particulate, followed by applying an RNA onto the plant surface |
US15/579,125 | 02.06.2015 | Granted in US (2021), EP (2021) | Monsanto Technology LLC | Composition: Polynucleotide, at least one lipase enzyme, one or more osmolytes, surfactants, abrasives or any combination Delivery: Applying lipase enzyme, osmolytes, and surfactants, followed by an RNA onto the plant surface |
US16/062,008 | 14.12.2015 | Granted in US (2021) EP (2021) | Monsanto Technology LLC | Composition: Polynucleotide targeting gene of flea beetle and cross-linked cationic polysaccharide Delivery: Applying onto a seed, plant surface or foliar spray |
US61/748,095 | 01.01.2013 | Granted in AU (2019), CN (2019), US (2018) | AB Seeds Ltd./Monsanto Technology LLC | Delivery: Soaking ungerminated seed with a solution comprising a concentration of between 0.005 and 1.5 pg/pL of the dsRNA molecule, followed by drying the seed |
US16/583,863 | 26.09.2018 | Granted in US (2021) | Greenlight Biosciences Inc | Composition: dsRNA targeting Leptinotarsa decemlineata Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) gene Delivery: Spray, fog, seed treatment, drench, drip irrigation, in furrow, insect diet, or bait |
US15/752,274 | 13.08.2015 | Pending | Forrest Innovations Ltd. | Composition: Polynucleotide and at least one cell wall degrading enzyme, a nucleic acid condensing agent, a transfection reagent, a surfactant, and a cuticle penetrating agent |
US14/381,045 | 06.03.2014 | Granted in JP (2020) US (2020) | RIKEN | Composition: Polynucleotide and a carrier peptide containing a cell-penetrating sequence and a penetrating polycationic sequence |
Applicationnumber | Priority Date | Legal Status | Assignee | Invention Details |
US15/106,548 | 20.12.2013 | Granted in AU (2018), CA (2021), EP (2019), ES (2020), US (2020) | University of Queensland | Composition: dsRNA and layered double hydroxide with a charge ratio is 2:1 to 1:20 Delivery: Spray |
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Mat Jalaluddin, N.S.; Asem, M.; Harikrishna, J.A.; Ahmad Fuaad, A.A.H. Recent Progress on Nanocarriers for Topical-Mediated RNAi Strategies for Crop Protection—A Review. Molecules 2023, 28, 2700. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062700
Mat Jalaluddin NS, Asem M, Harikrishna JA, Ahmad Fuaad AAH. Recent Progress on Nanocarriers for Topical-Mediated RNAi Strategies for Crop Protection—A Review. Molecules. 2023; 28(6):2700. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062700
Chicago/Turabian StyleMat Jalaluddin, Nurzatil Sharleeza, Maimunah Asem, Jennifer Ann Harikrishna, and Abdullah Al Hadi Ahmad Fuaad. 2023. "Recent Progress on Nanocarriers for Topical-Mediated RNAi Strategies for Crop Protection—A Review" Molecules 28, no. 6: 2700. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062700