Next Article in Journal
Hydrothermal Liquefaction: How the Holistic Approach by Nature Will Help Solve the Environmental Conundrum
Next Article in Special Issue
[18F]fluoride Activation and 18F-Labelling in Hydrous Conditions—Towards a Microfluidic Synthesis of PET Radiopharmaceuticals
Previous Article in Journal
An Overview of Heterogeneous Catalysts Based on Hypercrosslinked Polystyrene for the Synthesis and Transformation of Platform Chemicals Derived from Biomass
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 28
Issue 24
10.3390/molecules28248128
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Synthesis and Evaluation of Compound Targeting α7 and β2 Subunits in Nicotinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor

by
Karanveer Singh
,
Allyson Ngo
,
Oshini V. Keerthisinghe
,
Krystal K. Patel
,
Christopher Liang
and
Jogeshwar Mukherjee
*
Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2023, 28(24), 8128; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248128
Submission received: 19 November 2023 / Revised: 7 December 2023 / Accepted: 14 December 2023 / Published: 16 December 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Radiopharmaceutical Sciences)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are involved in various central nervous system functions and have also been implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders. The heteromeric α4β2* and homomeric α7 are two major nAChR subtypes which have been studied in the brain using positron emission tomography (PET). Our comparative autoradiographic studies of the two receptor types in the mouse and rat brains show major differences in the thalamus (α4β2* >> α7), hippocampus (α7 >> α4β2*), and subiculum (α4β2* >> α7). A relatively newer heteromeric α7β2 nAChR subtype has been identified in the brain which may have a greater role in neurodegeneration. We report the development of KS7 (3-(2-(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)-5-(1,4-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane)pyridine) which incorporates structural features of Nifzetidine (high affinity for α4β2* nAChR) and ASEM (high affinity for α7 nAChR) in an effort to target α7 and β2 subunits in α7β2 nAChR. KS7 exhibited higher affinities (IC50 = 50 to 172 nM) for [3H]cytisine radiolabeled sites and weaker affinities (IC50 = 10 μM) for [125I]-α-bungarotoxin radiolabeled rat brain sites in several brain regions. The weaker affinity of KS7 to α7 nAChR may suggest lack of binding at the α7 subunit of α7β2 nAChR. A radiolabeled derivative of KS7 may be required to identify any specific binding to brain regions suggested to contain α7β2 nAChR.

1. Introduction

Neuronal nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs) are involved in learning, memory, addiction, and neuropsychatric illnesses [1]. Dysfunction of these receptors has been implicated in numerous human conditions including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [2,3], Parkinson’s disease (PD) [4], and others. Several nAChR subtypes are present in the mammalian brain, with heteromeric α4β2 and homomeric α7 subtypes being in larger concentrations than the other subtypes ([5,6] Figure 1). Two molecules of acetylcholine (ACh) bind at the interface of α4 and β2 subunits in the α4β2 subtype, while five molecules of ACh bind at the α7-α7 interface in the α7 receptor subtype. Nicotine has a high affinity for the α4β2 subtypes (Ki = 5.45 nM) and is several orders of magnitude weaker for the α7 subtypes (Ki = 223 nM) [7].
Due to the clinical importance of nAChRs, evaluating the activity of these receptors can potentially assist in understanding human illness [8,9,10,11]. We have developed several positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents for non-invasive imaging of high-affinity sites on α4β2* receptors using [18F]nifene [12,13,14,15] (Figure 1), [18F]nifrolene [16], and [18F]nifzetidine [17]; for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), [123I]niodene was prepared [18]; and for PET/SPECT, Niofene [19] was examined. For α7 nAChRs, fewer in vivo PET imaging agents are available, with [18F]ASEM being the prominent one [20,21] (Figure 1). For in vitro studies of α7 nAChRs, [125I]α-iodobungarotoxin (α-[125I]BuTX) binds selectively and has been widely used [22,23,24].
Because cholinergic innervation may be affected in various pathophysiologies, PET and SPECT imaging studies of both α4β2* and α7 nAChRs have been underway. Human PET studies and SPECT studies have demonstrated that reduction in binding is implicated in the decline in executive function in AD [25,26]. More recent PET reports [8,9,27] in AD show a decrease in binding in several brain regions and a correlation with cognitive deficits with select brain regions. Results from the limited PET studies of α7 receptors have been mixed, suggesting an increase in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and no change in AD [28]. Further studies are needed to ascertain the role of α7 receptors because of their higher concentration in the hippocampus, a region inflicted with AD pathology of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles [29].
More recently, heteromeric α7β2 nAChR subtype has been isolated and characterized in the mammalian forebrain [30,31,32,33]. Distribution of α7β2 subtype was found to be greater in the rodent basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and hippocampal interneurons and in human cerebral cortex neurons. However, the overall brain distribution and relative concentration of this new subtype (compared to α4β2 and α7 subtypes) is yet to be determined. In addition, functional properties of the α7β2 nAChR are yet to be fully understood. Compared to the α7 receptors, the α7β2 subtype displays greater sensitivity to oligomeric amyloid β peptide (Aβ) and this interaction between Aβ and α7β2 nAChR may be relevant in the pathogenesis of AD [2,34]. Since the α7β2 nAChR is pharmacologically distinct from the homomeric α7 nAChR, it likely plays a unique functional role in the mammalian brain. For these reasons, pursuit of a PET imaging agent for the α7β2 nAChR may be a worthwhile goal. However, considering the lower concentrations and structural similarities of the receptor subtypes, it remains to be determined if this a feasible target.
Two heteropentameric subtypes, α74β21 (α7-α7-α7-α7-β2) and α73β22 (α7-β2-α7-β2-α7), have been identified ([32]; Figure 2). No agonists or antagonists which bind to α7 subtype or α4β2 subtype have yet been identified to show selectivity for α7β2 subtype. It is not known if the ligand binding occurs at the α7-α7 interface or α7-β2 interface. Binding of α-[125I]BuTX occurs at the α7-α7 interface and therefore, it is unclear if it would bind to the α7-β2 interface [35]. It is also not known if α-[125I]BuTX would be able to identify the heteromeric α74β2 and α73β22 nAChRs since they have the α7-α7 interfaces as well as α7-β2 interfaces.
In an effort to identify a potential α7β2 ligand, we have chosen features of nifzetidine (Figure 3, 4), a high affinity α4β2 ligand previously developed in our laboratories [17] and those of α7 agonists developed by Abbott laboratories [36] and ASEM ([20] Figure 3, 3). The azetidine feature from nifzetidine which potentially binds to the β2 subunit and the 1,4-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane feature from ASEM which potentially binds to the α7 subunit were both incorporated into KS7 (Figure 3, 5) in an effort to bind to the α7-β2 interface.
Thus, in this paper, we report the following: (1) synthesis and characterization of 3-(2-(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)-5-(1,4-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane)pyridine (KS7, Figure 4, 5); (2) measurement of in vitro binding affinities of KS7 using [3H]cytisine to label the α4β2* nAChR sites; and (3) measurement of in vitro binding affinities KS7 in rat brain slices using α-[125I]BuTX to label the α7 nAChR sites.

2. Results and Discussion

Distribution of α4β2* and α7 nAChRs, two major receptor subtypes in the mammalian brain have been well-studied. Our studies on the distribution of the two receptor subtypes, α4β2* and α7 nAChRs, in mice and rat brains show distinct areas of similarities and differences (Figure 5). Using [18F]nifene for α4β2* nAChRs, the ratio versus cerebellum (used as a reference region) for rat brains was in the order of thalamus > subiclum > striatum > frontal cortex > superior colliculus > inferior colliculus > hippocampus > cerebellum [12,13]. Similar binding profile was observed in the rat brains using [3H]cytisine [37]. The mice brains generally exhibited higher ratios compared to rats for [18F]nifene-labeled α4β2* nAChRs.
Using α-[125I]BuTX for α7 nAChRs, the ratio versus cerebellum (used as a reference region) for rat brains was in the order of hippocampus > inferior colliculus > frontal cortex > superior colliculus > subiculum > thalamus > striatum > cerebellum similar to previous reports for α7 nAChRs [21,24]. Some minor differences in the inferior and superior colliculi were observed between mouse and rat brains for α7 nAChRs.
These comparative autoradiographic studies of the two receptor types in the mouse and rat brains show major differences in the thalamus (α4β2* >> α7) and hippocampus (α7 >> α4β2*). Also noteworthy is the difference in subiculum (α4β2* >> α7). The colliculi (superior and inferior) exhibited presence of both α4β2* and α7 nAChRs, the latter appeared to be more discreet. The regional distribution of α-[125I]BuTX is comparable to the binding of the small molecule ASEM [21]. Similar to these findings in the rodents, human studies with α4β2* and α7 nAChRs PET radiotracers have been reported. In the case of α4β2* nAChRs, our comparative study of [18F]nifene across different species suggest a high degree of homology [7]. In the case of α7 nAChRs PET using [18F]ASEM, similarity across species has been reported [38].
In all species, there are a number of brain regions where there is some overlap between α7 and β2 nAChRs subunits [39,40,41]. Thus, heteromeric α7β2 nAChR subtype has been isolated and characterized and was found to be greater in the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and hippocampal interneurons and in human cerebral cortex neurons [30,31,32,33]. Regional brain distribution and relative concentration of this new subtype is yet to be determined. The α7β2 subtype may be more sensitive to oligomeric Aβ peptide and this interaction between Aβ and α7β2 nAChR may be relevant in the pathogenesis of AD [2,34]. Since the heteromeric α7β2 nAChR is likely pharmacologically distinct from the homomeric α7 nAChR, a selective radioligand for imaging is necessary to study its distribution in the brain. Efforts have been made to assess [125I]α-BuTX binds to α7β2 nAChR [31,32]. Other α7 and α4β2* drugs have not been shown to clearly differentiate between α7 and α7β2 nAChRs [32]. For these reasons, pursuit of a drug compound for the α7β2 nAChR may be a worthwhile goal. If found selective, this drug could then be radiolabeled for imaging studies. Towards this goal, we designed and synthesized KS7 (Figure 3 and Figure 4) which is incorporated structural components of Nifzetidine (α4β2* nAChR) and ASEM (α7 nAChR).
In vitro binding affinity studies of KS7 were carried out on rat brain slices labeled with [3H]cytisine (Figure 6). Figure 6A shows [3H]cytisine labeling of rat brain regions of thalamus, frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, striatum, subiculum, and cerebellum as previously reported [37]. With increasing concentration of KS7, binding of [3H]cytisine was reduced from all brain regions.
Measured inhibitory constants (IC50) of KS7 in the various brain regions were: striata = 86.9 nM; frontal cortex = 109 nM; thalamus = 134 nM; subiculum = 172 nM; anterior cingulate = 49.5 nM (Table 1).
For α7 nAChRs, Figure 7 shows [125I]α-BuTX labeling of rat brain regions of frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, hippocampus, inferior colliculus, and cerebellum. With increasing concentration of KS7, binding of α-[125I]BuTX was reduced from all brain regions. Measured inhibitory constants (IC50) of KS7 in the various brain regions were frontal cortex = 9.9 μM; anterior cingulate = 12.6 μM; hippocampus = 33.2 μM; and inferior colliculus = 46.8 μM. The selectivity of KS in frontal cortex and anterior cingulate was in favor of α4β2* nAChR subtype.
Based on the crystal structure of the α4β2* receptor [42], the high-affinity binding sites sit at the interface between the α4 and β2 subunits in the receptor complex. Binding of the azetidine ring nitrogen is likely at the α4 subunit side and since this part of the molecule remains the same in the case of KS7, moderate affinity for the α4β2* receptor sites is maintained. Figure 8 shows similarity of energy minimized structures of nifzeridine and KS7 in the overlay (Figure 8D,E). The presence of the azabicylononane ring may be causing a decrease in the affinity at the α4β2* receptor. Significant deviation in the overlay structures of ASEM and KS7 is seen (Figure 8F,G) which may be the reason for the larger decrease in the affinity at the α7 receptor sites. This may be favorable in terms of directing KS7 away from the α7 nAChRs.
Table 2 summarizes the affinities and selectivities for the various at the α4β2 and α7 nAChRs. The selectivity of KS7 seems to resemble nicotine, as a dual α4β2/α7 drug [43], but with significantly weaker affinities compared to nicotine.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Methods

All chemicals and solvents were of analytical or HPLC grade from Aldrich Chemical Co. and Fisher Scientific. Electrospray mass spectra were obtained on a Model 7250 mass spectrometer (Micromass LCT, Milford, MA, USA). Proton NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker OMEGA 600 MHz spectrometer. Analytical thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on silica-coated plates (Baker-Flex, Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Chromatographic separations were carried out on preparative TLC (silica gel GF 20 × 20 cm, 2 mm thick; Alltech Assoc. Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA) or silica gel flash columns or semi-preparative reverse-phase columns using the Gilson high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems. [3H]cytisine and α-[125I]BuTX, purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals, Inc., St Louis MO, were used for autoradiographic studies by exposing tissue samples on storage phosphor screens. The apposed phosphor screens were read and analyzed by OptiQuant acquisition and analysis program of the Cyclone Storage Phosphor System (Packard Instruments Co., Boston, MA, USA).

3.2. Animals

All animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Health Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of University of California-Irvine. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 4) were used in this study (280 g; 18–24 weeks). Rats were purchased from Jackson Laboratory. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were used in this study (28 g). Mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory. All animals were housed under controlled temperatures of 22 °C ± 1 °C, in a 12 h light–dark cycle, on at 6:00 AM, with water and food chow ad libitum. Brains from the mice and rats were excised, and horizontal slices were prepared at 10 µm thickness using a Leica 1850 cryotome at −20 °C. The brain slices containing the cortex, striatum, thalamus, hippocampus, and cerebellum were stored in −80 °C freezer and used for binding studies.

3.3. Synthesis

(3-(2-(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)-5-(1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane)pyridine) (Figure 4, 5; KS7): 3-Bromo-5-(1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine (Figure 4, 6) (34 mg; 0.1 mmol) was dissolved in triethylamine (0.1 mL). To this solution, 1,4-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane (15 mg; 0.12 mmol) was added and the closed reaction 10 mL V-vial was heated at 130 °C for 16 h. The reaction mixture was purified on preparative silica gel TLC using 9:1 dichloromethane-methanol to provide of pure (3-(1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)-5-(1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane)pyridine). Mass spectra (m/z, %): 389 ([M + H]+, 10%), 411 ([M + Na]+, 80%). We anticipated this reaction to be sluggish and low-yielding (due to the 3-bromo position in the pyridine ring). The N-BOC intermediate was obtained in <5% yield. Prolonged reaction time was not useful in increasing the yield. Deprotection of the N-tert-butoxycarbonyl was carried out by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA; 0.1 mL) in dichloromethane (1 mL) at room temperature or 24 h. The final product, (3-(2-(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)-5-(1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]-nonane)pyridine) (Figure 4, 5, KS7) was obtained by preparative TLC (1:1 dichloromethane-methanol) in <5% overall yield. Removal of the N-BOC protecting group using trifluoroacetic acid resulted in KS7 which was isolated as a KS7 trifluoroacetate salt was used for in vitro studies. Mass spectra (m/z, %): 312 ([M + Na]+, 100%); 1H NMR (CDCl3, 600 MHz) δ ppm: 8.28 (m, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J = 1.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (m, 1H), 4.13 (m, 4H), 3.89 (m, 2H), 3.60 (m, 2H), 3.20 (m, 4H), 2.95 (m, 2H), 2.33 (m, 2H), 2.20 (m, 2H), 1.95 (m, 2H).

3.4. In Vitro Autoradiographic Studies α4β2* nAChR—[18F]Nifene

Autoradiography of [18F]nifene in mice and rat brain slices were previously reported [3,12]. Briefly, slides with brain slices were incubated with [18F]nifene in a Tris buffer pH 7.4 (60 mL; 37 kBq/mL) and was added to the chambers and were incubated at 25 °C for 1 h. Nonspecific binding was measured in separate chambers in the presence of 300 μM nicotine. The slices were then washed with cold buffer twice, 3 min each time, Tris buffer, and cold water for rinse. The brain sections were air dried, exposed overnight on a phosphor film, and then placed on the Phosphor Autoradiographic Imaging System/Cyclone Storage Phosphor System (Packard Instruments Co.). Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn on the slices and the extent of binding of [18F]nifene was measured in Digital Light Units/mm2 (DLU/mm2) using the OptiQuant acquisition and analysis program (Packard Instruments Co.).

3.5. In Vitro Binding Affinity Studies α4β2* nAChR—[3H]Cytisine

Our previously published procedures were used for [3H]cytisine experiments [37]. Horizontal brain slices, 10 µm thick from male Sprague Dawley rats, were preincubated in the buffer (50 mmol/L Tris HCl containing 120 mmol/L NaCl, 5 mmol/L KCl, 2.5 mmol/L CaCl2, 1 mmol/L MgCl2, pH 7.4) for 10 min. The pre-incubation buffer was then discarded and the slices were incubated with [3H]cytisine (2.5 nM, specific activity of 32.7 Ci/mmol) at 2 °C for 75 min. Binding was measured in the presence of 0.1 nM to 1 µM of KS7 and 300 µM of nicotine was used for nonspecific binding. After incubation, slices were washed twice (2 min each wash) with ice-cold Tris buffer, pH 7.4, followed by a quick rinse in cold (0–5 °C) deionized water. The slides were then air dried and the radiolabeled brain sections were apposed on storage phosphor screens for two weeks (Perkin Elmer Multisensitive, Medium MS, New Jersy, USA). For autoradiographic analysis, the apposed phosphor screens were read and analyzed by OptiQuant acquisition and analysis program of the Cyclone Storage Phosphor System (Packard Instruments Co., Boston, MA, USA). Regions of interest of same size were drawn and analyzed on brain regions using OptiQuant software version 2 and binding of [3H]cytisine measured in DLU/mm2. Data were analyzed using following procedure: (a) the non-specific binding of [3H]cytisine was subtracted for all samples; (b) the specific binding was normalized to 100% (no competitive ligand); and (c) the binding isotherms were fit to the Hill equation (KELL BioSoft software (v 6), Cambridge, UK).

3.6. In Vitro Autoradiographic Studies α7 nAChR—α-[125I] BuTX

Autoradiography of α-[125I]BuTX in mice and rat brain slices were previously reported [21,24]. The horizontal brain slices were preincubated in 50 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.3, containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) at room temperature for 30 min. After the preincubation, the slices were incubated with α-[125I]BuTX (0.2 nM, specific activity of 2200 Ci/mmol) at room temperature for 120 min. Nonspecific binding was measured in separate chambers in the presence of 300 μM nicotine. After incubation, slices were washed three times (10 min each wash) with ice-cold Tris buffer, pH 7.3, followed by a quick rinse in cold (0–5 °C) deionized water. The brain sections were air dried, exposed for a week on a phosphor film, and then placed on the Phosphor Autoradiographic Imaging System/Cyclone Storage Phosphor System (Packard Instruments Co.). Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn on the slices and the extent of binding of [125I]α-bungarotoxin was measured in DLU/mm2 using the OptiQuant acquisition and analysis program (Packard Instruments Co.).

3.7. In Vitro Binding Affinity Studies α7 nAChR—[125I]α-Bungarotoxin

For the α-[125I]BuTX assay, the reported method was used [24]. The horizontal rat brain slices were preincubated in 50 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.3, containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) at room temperature for 30 min. The pre-incubation buffer was then discarded and the slices were incubated with α-[125I]BuTX (0.2 nM, specific activity of 2200 Ci/mmol) at room temperature for 120 min. Binding was measured in the presence of 0.1 nM to 1 µM of KS7 and 300 µM of nicotine was used for nonspecific binding. After incubation, slices were washed three times (10 min each wash) with ice-cold Tris buffer, pH 7.3, followed by a quick rinse in cold (0–5 °C) deionized water. The slides were then air dried and the radiolabeled brain sections were apposed on storage phosphor screens for one week (Perkin Elmer Multisensitive, Medium MS). For autoradiographic analysis, the apposed phosphor screens were read and analyzed by OptiQuant acquisition and analysis program of the Cyclone Storage Phosphor System (Packard Instruments Co., Boston, MA, USA).
Regions of interest of same size were drawn and analyzed on brain regions using OptiQuant software and binding of α-[125I]BuTX measured in digital light units/mm2 (DLU/mm2). Data were analyzed using following procedure: (a) the non-specific binding of α-[125I] BuTX was subtracted for all samples; (b) the specific binding was normalized to 100% (no competitive ligand); and (c) the binding isotherms were fit to the Hill equation (KELL BioSoft software (v 6), Cambridge, UK).

4. Conclusions

Heteromeric α4β2 and homomeric α7 nAChR subtypes have well-defined brain distribution patterns across the various species. A relatively new heteromeric α7β2 nAChR has been identified for which there is currently no selective drug or imaging agent. A new compound, KS7 has been synthesized as a potential candidate that may bind to the α7 and β2 subunits. The moderate to weak affinities of KS7 to α4β2 and α7 sites is promising. Cell lines expressing the α7β2 nAChRs will be necessary to assess selectivity in binding. A radiolabeled derivative of KS7 using fluorine-18 or carbon-11 labeling either directly on the pyridine ring or other strategies is planned [12,16,49,50]. This may enable autoradiographic studies to identify any discreet binding to hippocampal regions or the forebrain regions, where α7β2 nAChRs may be present. Imaging studies related to the association of Aβ plaque with nAChR subtypes will provide useful information on the potential role of this interaction in AD transgenic mice models [3,51].

Author Contributions

All authors had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: J.M.; acquisition of data: K.S., A.N., O.V.K., K.K.P., C.L. and J.M.; analysis and interpretation of data: A.N., K.S., O.V.K. and J.M.; drafting of the manuscript: A.N. and J.M.; statistical analysis: J.M. and A.N.; obtained funding: J.M.; study supervision: J.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by National Institute of Health, grant number AG029479.

Institutional Review Board Statement

No human subjects. All animal research was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at University of California-Irvine (protocol number AUP-19-098, approval date 8 August 2019).

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

Research support provided by the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) at University of California, Irvine.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

  1. Valles, A.S.; Barrantes, F.J. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor dysfunction in addiction and in some neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disease. Cells 2023, 12, 2051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Lombardo, S.; Maskos, U. Role of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in Alzheimer’s disease pathology and treatment. Neuropharmacology 2015, 96 Pt B, 255–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Liang, C.; Nguyen, G.A.; Danh, T.B.; Sandhu, A.K.; Melkonyan, L.L.; Syed, A.U.; Mukherjee, J. Abnormal [18F]NIFENE binding in transgenic 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease: In vivo PET/CT imaging studies of α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors and in vitro correlations with Aβ plaques. Synapse 2023, 77, e22265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Campoy, A.T.; Liang, C.; Ladwa, R.M.; Patel, K.K.; Patel, I.H.; Mukherjee, J. [18F]Nifene PET/CT Imaging in Mice: Improved Methods and Preliminary Studies of α4β2* Nicotinic Acetylcholinergic Receptors in Transgenic A53T Mouse Model of α-Synucleinopathy and Post-Mortem Human Parkinson’s Disease. Molecules 2021, 26, 7360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Taly, A.; Corringer, P.J.; Guedin, D.; Lestage, P.; Changeux, J.P. Nicotinic receptors: Allosteric transitions and therapeutic targets in the nervous system. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2009, 8, 733–750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Ho, T.N.T.; Abraham, N.; Lewis, R.J. Structure-Function of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Inhibitors Derived from Natural Toxins. Front. Neurosci. 2020, 14, 609005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Mukherjee, J.; Lao, P.J.; Betthauser, T.J.; Samra, G.K.; Pan, M.L.; Patel, I.H.; Liang, C.; Metherate, R.; Christian, B.T. Human brain imaging of nicotinic acetylcholine α4β2* receptors using [18F]Nifene: Selectivity, functional activity, toxicity, aging effects, gender effects, and extrathalamic pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 2018, 526, 80–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Sabri, O.; Meyer, P.M.; Gräf, S.; Hesse, S.; Wilke, S.; Becker, G.A.; Rullmann, M.; Patt, M.; Luthardt, J.; Wagenknecht, G.; et al. Cognitive correlates of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mild Alzheimer’s dementia. Brain 2018, 141, 1840–1854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Sultzer, D.L.; Melrose, R.J.; Riskin-Jones, H.; Narvaez, T.A.; Veliz, J.; Ando, T.K.; Juarez, K.O.; Harwood, D.G.; Brody, A.L.; Mandelkern, M.A. Cholinergic Receptor Binding in Alzheimer Disease and Healthy Aging: Assessment In Vivo with Positron Emission Tomography Imaging. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2017, 25, 342–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Quik, M.; Bordia, T.; Zhang, D.; Perez, X.A. Nicotine and Nicotinic Receptor Drugs: Potential for Parkinson’s Disease and Drug-Induced Movement Disorders. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2015, 124, 247–271. [Google Scholar]
  11. Perez-Lloret, S.; Barrantes, F.J. Deficits in cholinergic neurotransmission and their clinical correlates in Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Park. Dis. 2016, 2, 16001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Pichika, R.; Easwaramoorthy, B.; Collins, D.; Christian, B.T.; Shi, B.; Narayanan, T.K.; Potkin, S.G.; Mukherjee, J. Nicotine α4β2* receptor imaging agents. Part II. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-[18F]fluoro-3-[2-(S)-pyrrolinyl-3,4-dehydromethoxy]pyridine (18F-Nifene) in rodents and imaging by PET in non-human primate. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2006, 33, 295–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Bieszczad, K.M.; Kant, R.; Constantinescu, C.C.; Pandey, S.K.; Kawai, H.D.; Metherate, R.; Weinberger, N.M.; Mukherjee, J. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat forebrain that bind 18F-nifene: Relating PET imaging, autoradiography, and behavior. Synapse 2012, 66, 418–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Kant, R.; Constantinescu, C.C.; Parekh, P.; Pandey, S.K.; Pan, M.L.; Easwaramoorthy, B.; Mukherjee, J. Evaluation of F-nifene binding to α4β2 nicotinic receptors in the rat brain using microPET imaging. EJNMMI Res. 2011, 1, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Lao, P.J.; Betthauser, T.J.; Tudorascu, D.L.; Barnhart, T.E.; Hillmer, A.T.; Stone, C.K.; Mukherjee, J.; Christian, B.T. [18F]Nifene test-retest reproducibility in first-in-human imaging of α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Synapse 2017, 71, e21981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Pichika, R.; Kuruvilla, S.A.; Patel, N.; Vu, K.; Sinha, S.; Easwaramoorthy, B.; Narayanan, T.K.; Shi, B.; Christian, B.; Mukherjee, J. Nicotinic α4β2 receptor imaging agents. Part IV. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-(2-(S)-3,4-dehydropyrrolinyl methoxy)-5-(3′-18F-fluoropropyl)pyridine (18F-Nifrolene) using PET. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2013, 40, 117–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Pichika, R.; Easwaramoorthy, B.; Christian, B.T.; Shi, B.; Narayanan, T.K.; Collins, D.; Mukherjee, J. Nicotinic α4β2 receptor imaging agents. Part III. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-(2-(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)-5-(3′-18F-fluoropropyl)pyridine (18F-nifzetidine). Nucl. Med. Biol. 2011, 38, 1183–1192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Pandey, S.K.; Pan, S.; Kant, R.; Kuruvilla, S.A.; Pan, M.L.; Mukherjee, J. Synthesis and evaluation of 3-123I-iodo-5-[2-(S)-3-pyrrolinylmethoxy]-pyridine (niodene) as a potential nicotinic α4β2 receptor imaging agent. Bioorg Med. Chem. Lett. 2012, 22, 7610–7614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Kuruvilla, S.A.; Hillmer, A.T.; Wooten, D.W.; Patel, A.; Christian, B.T.; Mukherjee, J. Synthesis and evaluation of 2-18F-fluoro-5-iodo-3-[2-(S)-3,4-dehydropyrrolinylmethoxy]pyridine (18F-niofene) as a potential imaging agent for nicotinic α4β2 receptors. Am. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 2014, 4, 354–364. [Google Scholar]
  20. Horti, A.G.; Gao, Y.; Kuwabara, H.; Wang, Y.; Abazyan, S.; Yasuda, R.P.; Tran, T.; Xiao, Y.; Sahibzada, N.; Holt, D.P.; et al. [18F]ASEM, a radiolabeled antagonist for imaging α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) with positron emission tomography (PET). J. Nucl. Med. 2014, 55, 672–677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Donat, C.K.; Hansen, H.H.; Hansen, H.D.; Mease, R.C.; Horti, A.G.; Pomper, M.G.; L’Estrade, E.T.; Herth, M.M.; Peters, D.; Knudsen, G.M.; et al. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of Dibenzothiophene Derivatives [125I]Iodo-ASEM and [18F]ASEM as Radiotracers of Homo- and Heteromeric α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Molecules 2020, 25, 1425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Hawrot, E.; Wilson, P.T.; Gershoni, J.M.; Reese, J.H.; Lentz, T.L. Alpha-bungarotoxin binding to a high molecular weight component from lower vertebrate brain identified on dodecyl sulfate protein-blots. Brain Res. 1986, 373, 227–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Love, R.A.; Stroud, R.M.; Love, R.A.; Stroud, R.M. The crystal structure of a-bungarotoxin at 2.5A resolution: Relation to solution structure and binding to acetylcholine receptor. Protein Eng. 1986, 1, 37–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Rasmussen, B.A.; Perry, D.C. An Autoradiographic analysis of [125I] α-bungarotoxin binding in rat brain after chronic nicotine exposure. Neurosci. Lett. 2006, 404, 9–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Colloby, S.J.; Perry, E.K.; Pakrasi, S.; Pimlott, S.L.; Wyper, D.J.; McKeith, I.G.; Williams, E.D.; O’Brien, J.T. Nicotinic 123I-5IA-85380 single photon emission computed tomography as a predictor of cognitive progression in Alzheimer’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2010, 18, 86–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Okada, H.; Ouchi, Y.; Ogawa, M.; Futatsubashi, M.; Saito, Y.; Yoshikawa, E.; Terada, T.; Oboshi, Y.; Tsukada, H.; Ueki, T.; et al. Alterations in α4β2 nicotinic receptors in cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s aetiopathology. Brain 2013, 136 Pt 10, 3004–3017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Lagarde, J.; Sarazin, M.; Chauvire, V.; Stankoff, B.; Kas, A.; Lacomblez, L.; Peyronneau, M.-A.; Bottlaender, M. Cholinergic changes in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. An [18F]-F-A-85380 exploratory PET study. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 2017, 31, 8–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Coughlin, J.M.; Rubin, L.H.; Du, Y.; Rowe, S.P.; Crawford, J.L.; Rosenthal, H.B.; Frey, S.M.; Marshall, E.S.; Shinehouse, L.K.; Chen, A.; et al. High availability of the a-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in brains of individuals with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study using 18F-ASEM PET. J. Nucl. Med. 2020, 61, 423–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Braak, H.; Thal, D.R.; Ghebremedhin, E.; Tredici, K.D. Stages of the pathologic process in Alzheimer’s disease age categories from 1 to 100 years. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2011, 70, 960–969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Liu, Q.; Huang, Y.; Shen, J.; Steffensen, S.; Wu, J. Functional α7β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in hippocampal interneurons exhibit high sensitivity to pathological level of amyloid β peptides. BMC Neurosci. 2012, 13, 155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Moretti, M.; Zoli, M.; George, A.A.; Lukas, R.J.; Pistillo, F.; Maskos, U.; Whiteaker, P.; Gotti, C. The novel α7β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtype is expressed in mouse and human basal forebrain: Biochemical and pharmacological characterization. Mol. Pharmacol. 2014, 86, 306–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Wu, J.; Liu, Q.; Tang, P.; Mikkelsen, J.D.; Shen, J.; Whiteaker, P.; Yakel, J.L. Heteromeric α7β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Brain. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2016, 37, 562–574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Thomsen, M.S.; Zwart, R.; Ursu, D.; Jensen, M.M.; Pinborg, L.H.; Gilmour, G.; Wu, J.; Sher, E.; Mikkelsen, J.D. α7 and β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits Form Heteromeric Receptor Complexes that Are Expressed in the Human Cortex and Display Distinct Pharmacological Properties. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0130572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Williams, G.; Murray, T. The role of a recently discovered alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on amyloid-beta pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2017, 13 (Suppl. S7), P1502–P1503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Harel, M.; Kasher, R.; Nicolas, A.; Guss, J.M.; Balass, M.; Fridkin, M.; Smit, A.B.; Brejc, K.; Sixma, T.K.; Katchalski-Katzir, E.; et al. The binding site of acetylcholine receptor as visualized in the X-ray structure of a complex between alpha-bungarotoxin and a mimotope peptide. Neuron 2001, 32, 265–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Schrimpf, M.R.; Sippy, K.B.; Briggs, C.A.; Anderson, D.J.; Li, T.; Ji, J.; Frost, J.M.; Surowy, C.S.; Bunnelle, W.H.; Gopalakrishnan, M.; et al. SAR of α7 nicotinic receptor agonists derived from tilorone: Exploration of a novel nicotinic pharmacophore. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2012, 22, 1633–1638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Easwaramoorthy, B.; Pichika, R.; Collins, D.; Potkin, S.G.; Leslie, F.M.; Mukherjee, J. Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on nicotinic α4β2 receptor PET radiotracer, 18F-Nifene: A measure of acetylcholine competition. Synapse 2007, 61, 29–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Wong, D.F.; Kuwabara, H.; Pomper, M.; Holt, D.P.; Brasic, J.R.; George, N.; Frolov, B.; Willis, W.; Gao, Y.; Valentine, H.; et al. Human brain imaging of α7 nAChR with [18F]ASEM: A new PET radiotracer for neuropsychiatry and determination of drug occupancy. Mol. Imaging Biol. 2014, 16, 730–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Azam, L.; Winzer-Serhan, U.; Leslie, F.M. Co-expression of α7 and β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit mRNAs within rat brain cholinergic neurons. Neuroscience 2003, 119, 965–977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Meeker, R.B.; Michels, K.M.; Libber, M.T.; Hayward, J.N. Characteristics and distribution of high- and low-affinity alpha bungarotoxin binding sites in the rat hypothalamus. J. Neurosci. 1986, 6, 1866–1875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Dickinson, J.A.; Kew, J.N.C.; Wonnacott, S. Presynaptic α7- and β2-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors modulate excitatotry amino acid release from rat prefrontal cortex nerve terminals via distinct cellular mechanisms. Mol. Pharmacol. 2008, 74, 348–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Morales-Perez, C.L.; Noviello, C.M.; Hibbs, R.E. X-ray structure of the human α4β2 nicotinic receptor. Nature 2016, 538, 411–415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Crestey, F.; Jensen, A.A.; Soerensen, C.; Magnus, C.B.; Andreasen, J.T.; Peters, G.H.J.; Kristensen, J.L. Dual Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α4β2 Antagonists/α7 Agonists: Synthesis, Docking Studies, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines and Tetrahydroisoquinolinium Salts. J. Med. Chem. 2018, 61, 1719–1729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Chellappan, S.K.; Xiao, Y.; Tueckmantel, W.; Kellar, K.J.; Kozikowski, A.P. Synthesis and pharmacologica evaluation of novel 9- and 10-substituted cytisine derivatives. Nicotinic ligands of enhanced subtype selectivity. J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 2673–2676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Campello, H.R.; Del Villar, S.G.; Honraedt, A.; Minguez, T.; Oliveria, A.S.F.; Ranaghan, K.E.; Shoemark, D.K.; Bermudez, I.; Gotti, C.; Sessions, R.B.; et al. Unlocking nicotinic selectivity via direct C-H functionalization of (−)-cytisine. Chem 2018, 4, 1710–1725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Whiting, P.; Lindstrom, J. Pharmacological properties of immune-isolated neuronal nicotinic receptors. J. Neurosci. 1986, 6, 3061–3069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Gao, Y.; Mease, R.C.; Olson, T.T.; Kellar, K.J.; Dannals, R.F.; Pomper, M.G.; Horti, A.G. [125I]Iodo-ASEM, a specific in vivo radioligand for α7-nAChR. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2015, 42, 488–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Gao, Y.; Kellar, K.J.; Yasuda, R.P.; Tran, T.; Xiao, Y.; Dannals, R.F.; Horti, A.G. Derivatives of dibenzothiophene for PET imaging of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Med. Chem. 2013, 56, 7574–7589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Das, M.K.; Mukherjee, J. Radiosynthesis of [F-18]fluoxetine as a potential radiotracer of serotonin reuptake-sites. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1993, 44, 835–842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Mukherjee, J.; Shi, B.; Christian, B.T.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Narayanan, T.K. 11C-Fallypride: Radiosynthesis and preliminary evaluation of novel dopamine D2/D3 receptor PET radiotracer in nonhuman primate brain. Bioorganic Med. Chem. 2004, 12, 95–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Nguyen, G.A.H.; Liang, C.; Mukherjee, J. [124I]IBETA, a new Aβ amyloid plaque PET imaging agent for Alzheimer’s disease. Molecules 2022, 27, 4552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Molecules 28 08128 g001
Figure 1. Neuronal nAChRs: Pentameric subunit layout of heteromeric α42β23 and homomeric α75 nAChRs. The blue rectangle represents one of the acetylcholine sites. At this site, binding of PET radiotracers, [18F]nifene (α4β2*), and [18F]ASEM (α7) can occur. Also shown is α-[125I]BuTX, binding to homomeric α75 nAChRs for autoradiography(structure of α-BuTX from RCSB PDB).
Figure 1. Neuronal nAChRs: Pentameric subunit layout of heteromeric α42β23 and homomeric α75 nAChRs. The blue rectangle represents one of the acetylcholine sites. At this site, binding of PET radiotracers, [18F]nifene (α4β2*), and [18F]ASEM (α7) can occur. Also shown is α-[125I]BuTX, binding to homomeric α75 nAChRs for autoradiography(structure of α-BuTX from RCSB PDB).
Molecules 28 08128 g001
Molecules 28 08128 g002
Figure 2. α7β2 Pentameric subunits layout: Heteromeric α74β21 and α73β22 nAChRs. The blue rectangle represents one of the potential α7-α7 interface binding sites. At this site, binding of KS7 may occur with the with the 1,4-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane binding towards α7. It is suggested that β2 (green rectangle) may be a secondary binding site.
Figure 2. α7β2 Pentameric subunits layout: Heteromeric α74β21 and α73β22 nAChRs. The blue rectangle represents one of the potential α7-α7 interface binding sites. At this site, binding of KS7 may occur with the with the 1,4-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane binding towards α7. It is suggested that β2 (green rectangle) may be a secondary binding site.
Molecules 28 08128 g002
Molecules 28 08128 g003
Figure 3. Chemical structures of PET Radiotracers: Heteromeric α42β23 (nicotine, nifene, nifzetidine) and homomeric α75 (ASEM) nAChRs. Proposed structure (KS7) for heteromeric α74β2 and α73β22 nAChRs incorporates the 1,4-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane ring (blue dotted box) from ASEM (binds to α7) and azetidinylmethoxy ring (red dotted box) from Nifzetidine (binds to α4β2).
Figure 3. Chemical structures of PET Radiotracers: Heteromeric α42β23 (nicotine, nifene, nifzetidine) and homomeric α75 (ASEM) nAChRs. Proposed structure (KS7) for heteromeric α74β2 and α73β22 nAChRs incorporates the 1,4-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane ring (blue dotted box) from ASEM (binds to α7) and azetidinylmethoxy ring (red dotted box) from Nifzetidine (binds to α4β2).
Molecules 28 08128 g003
Molecules 28 08128 g004
Figure 4. Synthesis: reaction scheme for synthesis of KS7 (5).
Figure 4. Synthesis: reaction scheme for synthesis of KS7 (5).
Molecules 28 08128 g004
Molecules 28 08128 g005
Figure 5. Autoradiography of α4β2 and α7 nAChRs: (A–C): Rat brain slices; (A) scan of 10 μm thick horizontal rat brain slice showing different regions; (B) binding of [18F]nifene to α4β2* nAChRs in the rat brain slice with highest binding in TH; (C) binding of α-[125I]BuTX to α7 nAChRs in rat brain slice with highest binding in HP. (D–F): Mouse brain slices; (D) scan of 10 μm thick horizontal mouse brain slice showing different regions; (E) binding of [18F]nifene to α4β2* nAChRs in mouse brain slice with highest binding in TH; (F) binding of α-[125I]BuTX to α7 nAChRs in mouse brain slice with highest binding in HP. (G) Comparison of ratios of brain regions to cerebellum in rat and mouse brain for [18F]nifene and α-[125I]BuTX (CB—cerebellum; SC—superior colliculus; IC—inferior colliculus; SUB—subiculum; HP—hippocampus; TH—thalamus; ST—striatum; FC—frontal cortex).
Figure 5. Autoradiography of α4β2 and α7 nAChRs: (A–C): Rat brain slices; (A) scan of 10 μm thick horizontal rat brain slice showing different regions; (B) binding of [18F]nifene to α4β2* nAChRs in the rat brain slice with highest binding in TH; (C) binding of α-[125I]BuTX to α7 nAChRs in rat brain slice with highest binding in HP. (D–F): Mouse brain slices; (D) scan of 10 μm thick horizontal mouse brain slice showing different regions; (E) binding of [18F]nifene to α4β2* nAChRs in mouse brain slice with highest binding in TH; (F) binding of α-[125I]BuTX to α7 nAChRs in mouse brain slice with highest binding in HP. (G) Comparison of ratios of brain regions to cerebellum in rat and mouse brain for [18F]nifene and α-[125I]BuTX (CB—cerebellum; SC—superior colliculus; IC—inferior colliculus; SUB—subiculum; HP—hippocampus; TH—thalamus; ST—striatum; FC—frontal cortex).
Molecules 28 08128 g005
Molecules 28 08128 g006
Figure 6. α4β2 Binding Affinity: Binding affinity of [3H]cytisine in the presence of KS7 on rat brain regions. (A) Total binding of [3H]cytisine in different brain regions (AC—anterior cingulate; FC—frontal cortex; ST—striatum; TH—thalamus; SB—subiculum; CB—cerebellum); (B) binding of rat brain slice at 10−7 M. (C) Competition binding curves of rat brain slices shown in (A,B).
Figure 6. α4β2 Binding Affinity: Binding affinity of [3H]cytisine in the presence of KS7 on rat brain regions. (A) Total binding of [3H]cytisine in different brain regions (AC—anterior cingulate; FC—frontal cortex; ST—striatum; TH—thalamus; SB—subiculum; CB—cerebellum); (B) binding of rat brain slice at 10−7 M. (C) Competition binding curves of rat brain slices shown in (A,B).
Molecules 28 08128 g006
Molecules 28 08128 g007
Figure 7. α7 Binding affinity: binding affinity of α-[125I]BuTX in the presence of KS7 on rat brain regions. (A) Total binding of α-[125I]BuTX in different brain regions (FC—frontal cortex; AC—anterior cingulate; HP—hippocampus; IC—inferior colliculus; CB—cerebellum); (B) binding of rat brain slice at 10−6 M. (C) Competition binding curves of rat brain slices shown in (A,B).
Figure 7. α7 Binding affinity: binding affinity of α-[125I]BuTX in the presence of KS7 on rat brain regions. (A) Total binding of α-[125I]BuTX in different brain regions (FC—frontal cortex; AC—anterior cingulate; HP—hippocampus; IC—inferior colliculus; CB—cerebellum); (B) binding of rat brain slice at 10−6 M. (C) Competition binding curves of rat brain slices shown in (A,B).
Molecules 28 08128 g007
Molecules 28 08128 g008
Figure 8. KS7 Structure comparisons: (A) minimized energy structure of nifzetidine with reported high affinity for α4β2* receptors; (B) minimized energy structure of KS7; (C) energy minimized structure of ASEM with reported high affinity for α7 nAChR. (D,E) Minimized energy structure and chemical structure of nifzetidine and KS7 overlay; (F,G) minimized energy structure and chemical structure of ASEM with KS7 overlay.
Figure 8. KS7 Structure comparisons: (A) minimized energy structure of nifzetidine with reported high affinity for α4β2* receptors; (B) minimized energy structure of KS7; (C) energy minimized structure of ASEM with reported high affinity for α7 nAChR. (D,E) Minimized energy structure and chemical structure of nifzetidine and KS7 overlay; (F,G) minimized energy structure and chemical structure of ASEM with KS7 overlay.
Molecules 28 08128 g008
Table 1. Inhibition constants (IC50) for KS7 at nicotinic receptors.
Table 1. Inhibition constants (IC50) for KS7 at nicotinic receptors.
Brain Region[3H]Cytisine, α4β2* nAChRs[125I]α-BuTX, α7* nAChRsα7/α4β2 Ratio
Thalamus1.34 × 10−7--
Frontal Cortex1.09 × 10−79.90 × 10−691
Anterior Cingulate4.95 × 10−81.26 × 10−5254
Subiculum1.72 × 10−7--
Striatum8.69 × 10−8--
Hippocampus-3.32 × 10−5-
Inferior Colliculus-4.68 × 10−5-
Table 2. Binding affinities of various drugs for α4β2 and α7 nAChRs.
Table 2. Binding affinities of various drugs for α4β2 and α7 nAChRs.
Drugα4β2*, nMα7*, nMα7/α4β2 Ratioα4β2/α7 Ratio
Nicotine6.93 a223 c320.03
1.68 b133
Nifene1.07 a169 c1580.007
0.50 b338
Cytisine1.51 d691 e544 e0.002
1.27 e
α-Iodobungarotoxin>1000 f0.50 g0.00052000
IodoASEM1707 h0.5 h0.00033414 h
ASEM562 i0.37 i0.00071370 i
KS7109 j9900 j91 j0.01 j
a Rat brain cortex labeled with 3H-epibatidine [7]. b Rat brain homogenates labeled with 3H-cytisine [12]. c Rat cloned receptors labeled with α-[125I]BuTX [7]. d Cytisine tested in rat [44]; e Cytisine tested on heterologously expressed human receptors; α4β2 in HEK293 cells and α7 nAChR in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells [45]. f [3H]nicotine inhibition by α-bungarotoxin [46]; g α-iodobungarotoxin tested in rat [41]; h Iodo-ASEM affinities HEK293 membranes expressing α7 and α4β2 nAChRs [47]; i HEK293 cells transfected with α7 and α4β2 nAChRs [48]; j Frontal cortex values for KS7 taken from Table 1.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Singh, K.; Ngo, A.; Keerthisinghe, O.V.; Patel, K.K.; Liang, C.; Mukherjee, J. Synthesis and Evaluation of Compound Targeting α7 and β2 Subunits in Nicotinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor. Molecules 2023, 28, 8128. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248128

AMA Style

Singh K, Ngo A, Keerthisinghe OV, Patel KK, Liang C, Mukherjee J. Synthesis and Evaluation of Compound Targeting α7 and β2 Subunits in Nicotinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor. Molecules. 2023; 28(24):8128. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248128

Chicago/Turabian Style

Singh, Karanveer, Allyson Ngo, Oshini V. Keerthisinghe, Krystal K. Patel, Christopher Liang, and Jogeshwar Mukherjee. 2023. "Synthesis and Evaluation of Compound Targeting α7 and β2 Subunits in Nicotinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor" Molecules 28, no. 24: 8128. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248128

APA Style

Singh, K., Ngo, A., Keerthisinghe, O. V., Patel, K. K., Liang, C., & Mukherjee, J. (2023). Synthesis and Evaluation of Compound Targeting α7 and β2 Subunits in Nicotinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor. Molecules, 28(24), 8128. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248128

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop