In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Aging Effect of Coffee Berry Nanoliposomes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Determination of Chlorogenic Acid and Caffeine
2.2. Preparation and Characterization of the Liposomal CBE
2.2.1. Particle Size and Zeta Potential Measurement
2.2.2. Encapsulation Efficiency and Loading Efficacy
2.2.3. Stability Test
2.2.4. In Vitro Permeation Measurement
2.3. Cytotoxicity
2.4. Anti-Aging Activities
2.4.1. Antioxidant Activity
2.4.2. NO Inhibition Activities
2.4.3. Anti-Collagenase Activity
2.5. Formulation
2.6. Clinical Study
2.6.1. Skin Irritation Testing
2.6.2. Efficacy Test
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents and Chemicals
3.2. Identification of Chlorogenic Acid and Caffeine Using HPLC
3.3. Preparation and Characterization of Nanoliposomes
3.3.1. Nanoliposome Preparation
3.3.2. Particle Size and Zeta Potential Measurement
3.3.3. Encapsulation Efficiency and Loading Efficiency
3.3.4. Stability Test
3.3.5. In Vitro Permeation Measurement
3.4. Cytotoxicity
3.5. Anti-Aging Activity
3.5.1. Superoxide Dismutase Activity
3.5.2. Nitric Oxide Inhibition
3.5.3. Collagenase Inhibition
3.6. Formulation
3.7. Clinical Study
3.7.1. Ethical Aspects
3.7.2. Subjects
3.7.3. Skin Irritation Testing
3.7.4. Efficacy Test
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
- Chiu, P.C.; Chan, C.C.; Lin, H.M.; Chiu, H.C. The clinical anti-aging effects of topical kinetin and niacinamide in Asians: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, split-face comparative trial. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2007, 6, 243–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Williams, R.; Pawlus, A.D.; Thornton, J.M. Getting under the skin of hair aging: The impact of the hair follicle environment. Exp. Dermatol. 2020, 29, 588–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hall, R.D.; Trevisan, F.; de Vos, R.C. Coffee berry and green bean chemistry–Opportunities for improving cup quality and crop circularity. Food Res. Int. 2022, 151, 110825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saewan, N. Effect of coffee berry extract on anti-aging for skin and hair—In vitro approach. Cosmetics 2022, 9, 66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murthy, P.S.; Naidu, M.M. Recovery of phenolic antioxidants and functional compounds from coffee industry by-products. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2012, 5, 897–903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McDaniel, D.H. Clinical safety and efficacy in photoaged skin with coffeeberry extract, a natural antioxidant. Cosmet. Dermatol. Cedark Knollis 2009, 22, 610. [Google Scholar]
- Azam, S.; Hadi, N.; Khan, N.U.; Hadi, S.M. Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of caffeine, theobromine and xanthine. Med. Sci. Monit. 2003, 9, 325–330. [Google Scholar]
- Duangjai, A.; Suphrom, N.; Wungrath, J.; Ontawong, A.; Nuengchamnong, N.; Yosboonruang, A. Comparison of antioxidant, antimicrobial activities and chemical profiles of three coffee (Coffea arabica L.) pulp aqueous extracts. Integr. Med. Res. 2016, 5, 324–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Devasagayam, T.P.; Kamat, P.C.; Mohan, H.; Kesavan, P.C. Caffeine as an antioxidant: Inhibition of lipid peroxidation induced by reactive oxygen species. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1996, 1282, 63–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prinyarux, T.; Saewan, N. Anti-hairloss efficacy of coffee berry extract. Food Appl. Biosci. J. 2020, 8, 27–39. [Google Scholar]
- Fischer, T.W.; Hipler, U.C.; Elsner, P. Effect of caffeine and testosterone on the proliferation of human hair follicles in vitro. Int. J. Dermatol. 2007, 46, 27–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bussoletti, C.; Mastropietro, F.; Tolaini, M.V.; Celleno, L. Use of a caffeine shampoo for the treatment of male androgenetic alopecia. J. Appl. Cosmetol. 2010, 28, 153. [Google Scholar]
- Santana-Galvez, J.; Cisneros-Zevallos, L.; Jacobo-Velazquez, D.A. Chlorogenic acid: Recent advances on its dual role as a food additive and a nutraceutical against metabolic syndrome. Molecules 2017, 22, 358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Meng, S.; Cao, J.; Feng, Q.; Peng, J.; Hu, Y. Roles of chlorogenic acid on regulating glucose and lipids metabolism: A review. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013, 2013, 801457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Affonso, R.C.L.; Voytena, A.P.L.; Fanan, S.; Pitz, H.; Coelho, D.S.; Horstmann, A.L.; Pereira, A.; Uarrota, V.G.; Hillmann, M.C.; Varela, L.A.C.; et al. Phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and the effect of the aqueous extract of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) bean residual press cake on the skin wound healing. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2016, 2016, 1923754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kolarsick, P.A.; Kolarsick, M.A.; Goodwin, C. Anatomy and physiology of the skin. J. Dermatol. Nurses’ Assoc. 2011, 3, 203–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alves, G.D.A.D.; Oliveira de Souza, R.; Ghislain Rogez, H.L.; Masaki, H.; Fonseca, M.J.V. Cecropia obtusa extract and chlorogenic acid exhibit anti aging effect in human fibroblasts and keratinocytes cells exposed to UV radiation. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0216501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Girsang, E.; Ginting, C.; Lister, I.N.; Widowati, W.; Wibowo, S.; Perdana, F.; Rizal, R. In silico analysis of phytochemical compound found in snake fruit (Salacca zalacca) peel as anti-aging agent. Thai J. Pharm. Sci. 2019, 43, 105–109. [Google Scholar]
- Sopyan, I.; Gozali, D. A review: A novel of efforts to enhance liposome stability as drug delivery approach. Syst. Rev. Pharm. 2020, 11, 555–562. [Google Scholar]
- Subongkot, T.; Wonglertnirant, N.; Songprakhon, P.; Rojanarata, T.; Opanasopit, P.; Ngawhirunpat, T. Visualization of ultradeformable liposomes penetration pathways and their skin interaction by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Int. J. Pharm. 2013, 441, 151–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, W.; Wang, Z.; Wu, Y.; Wu, H.; Chen, T.; Xuel, Y.; Liu, Q. Mechanisms of Penetration Enhancement and Transport Utilizing Skin Keratine Liposomes for the Topical Delivery of Licochalcone A. Molecules 2022, 27, 2504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Anwekar, H.; Patel, S.; Singhai, A. Liposome- as drug carriers. Int. J. Pharm. Life Sci. (IJPLS) 2011, 2, 945–951. [Google Scholar]
- Nsairat, H.; Khater, D.; Sayed, U.; Odeh, F.; Al Bawab, A.; Alshaer, W. Liposomes: Structure, composition, types, and clinical applications. Heliyon 2022, 8, e09394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yusaf, R.; Nawaz, R.; Hayat, S.; Khursheed, A.; Zafar, N.; Ahmad, A.; Majeed, I. Structural components of liposomes and characterization tools. Am. J. Pharm. Res. 2014, 4, 3559–3567. [Google Scholar]
- Macit, M.; Eyupoglu, O.E.; Macit, C.; Duman, G. Formulation development of liposomal coffee extracts and investigation of their antioxidant capacities. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2021, 64, 102605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pettinato, M.; Trucillo, P.; Campardelli, R.; Perego, P.; Reverchon, E. Bioactives extraction from spent coffee grounds and liposome encapsulation by a combination of green technologies. Chem. Eng. Process. 2020, 151, 107911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramirez-Martinez, J.R. Phenolic compounds in coffee pulp: Quantitative determination by HPLC. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1988, 43, 135–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pandey, A.; Soccol, C.R.; Nigam, P.; Brand, D.; Mohan, R.; Roussos, S. Biotechnological potential of coffee pulp and coffee husk for bioprocesses. Biochem. Eng. J. 2000, 6, 153–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khadke, S.; Roces, C.B.; Donaghey, R.; Giacobbo, V.; Su, Y.; Perrie, Y. Scalable solvent-free production of liposomes. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2020, 72, 1328–1340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carugo, D.; Bottaro, E.; Owen, J.; Stride, E.; Nastruzzi, C. Liposome production by microfluidics: Potential and limiting factors. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 25876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lacatusu, I.; Badea, N.; Stan, R.; Meghea, A. Novel bio-active lipid nanocarriers for the stabilization and sustained release of sitosterol. Nanotechnology 2012, 23, 455702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Manaia, E.B.; Abuçafy, M.P.; Chiari-Andréo, B.G.; Silva, B.L.; Oshiro-Júnior, J.A.; Chiavacci, L. Physicochemical characterization of drug nanocarriers. Int. J. Nanomed. 2017, 12, 4991–5011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Idham, Z.; Muhamad, I.I.; Sarmidi, M.R. Degrdation kinetics and color stability of spray-dried encapsulated anthocyanins from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. J. Food Process Eng. 2012, 35, 522–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casanova, F.; Santos, L. Encapsulation of cosmetic active ingredients for topical application—A review. J. Microencapsul. 2016, 33, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pavelkova, R.; Matouskova, P.; Hoova, J.; Porizka, J.; Marova, I. Preparation and characterisation of organic UV filters based on combined PHB/liposomes with natural phenolic compounds. J. Biotechnol. 2020, 324, 100021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thitilertdecha, N. Storage effect on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Nephelium lappaceum L. extract. Cosmetics 2022, 9, 33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farah, A.; Donangelo, C.M. Phenolic compounds in coffee. Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 2006, 18, 23–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wianowska, D.; Gil, M. Recent advances in extraction and analysis procedures of natural chlorogenic acids. Phytochem. Rev. 2019, 18, 273–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Volf, I.; Ignat, I.; Neamtu, M.; Popa, V.I. Thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and photo-oxidation of natural polyphenols. Chem. Pap. 2014, 68, 121–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Del-Toro-Sánchez, C.L.; Gutiérrez-Lomelí, M.; Lugo-Cervantes, E.; Zurita, F.; Robles-García, M.A.; Ruiz-Cruz, S.; Guerrero-Medina, P.J. Storage effect on phenols and on the antioxidant activity of extracts from Anemopsis californica and inhibition of elastase enzyme. J. Chem. 2015, 2015, 602136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guimarães, R.; Barreira, J.C.; Barros, L.; Carvalho, A.M.; Ferreira, I.C. Effects of oral dosage form and storage period on the antioxidant properties of four species used in traditional herbal medicine. Phytother. Res. 2011, 25, 484–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiménez-Zamora, A.; Delgado-Andrade, C.; Rufián-Henares, J.A. Antioxidant capacity, total phenols and color profile during the storage of selected plants used for infusion. Food Chem. 2016, 199, 339–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shariare, M.H.; Pinky, N.J.K.; Abedin, J.; Kazi, M.; Aldughaim, M.S.; Uddin, M.N. Liposomal drug delivery of Blumea lacera leaf extract: In-Vivo hepatoprotective effects. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 2262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Choi, M.J.; Maibach, H.I. Liposomes and niosomes as topical drug delivery systems. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 2005, 18, 209–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, E.K.; Bharadwaj, S.; Yadava, U.; Kang, G.S. Evaluation of caffeine as inhibitor against collagenase, elastase and tyrosinase using in silico and in vitro approach. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 2019, 34, 927–936. [Google Scholar]
- Pieme, C.A.; Penlap, V.N.; Ngogang, J.; Costache, M. In vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities of five medicinal plants of Malvaceae family from Cameroon. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2010, 29, 223–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohd Esa, N.; Abdul Kadir, K.K.; Amom, Z.; Azlan, A. Antioxidant activity of white rice, brown rice and germinated brown rice (in vivo and in vitro) and the effects on lipid peroxidation and liver enzymes in hyperlipidaemic rabbits. Food Chem. 2013, 141, 1306–1312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serra, V.; von Zglinicki, T.; Lorenz, M.; Saretzki, G. Extracellular superoxide dismutase is a major antioxidant in human fibroblasts and slows telomere shortening. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 6824–6830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Debnath, T.; Park, S.; Kim, D.; Jo, J.; Lim, B. Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Inonotus obliquus and germinated brown rice extracts. Molecules 2013, 18, 9293–9304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aramwit, P.; Kanokpanont, S.; De-Eknamkul, W.; Kamei, K.; Srichana, T. The effect of sericin with variable amino-acid content from different silk strains on the production of collagen and nitric oxide. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2009, 20, 1295–1306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Philips, N.; Auler, S.; Hugo, R.; Gonzalez, S. Beneficial regulation of matrix metalloproteinases for skin health. Enzyme Res. 2011, 2011, 427285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Demaria, M.; Desprez, P.Y.; Campisi, J.; Velarde, M.C. Cell autonomous and non-autonomous effects of senescent cells in the skin. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2015, 135, 1722–1726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wittenauer, J.; Mackle, S.; Sussmann, D.; Schweiggert-Weisz, U.; Carle, R. Inhibitory effects of polyphenols from grape pomace extract on collagenase and elastase activity. Fitoterapia 2015, 101, 179–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bessada, S.M.F.; Alves, R.C.; Oliveira, M.B.P.P. Coffee silverskin: A review on potential cosmetic applications. Cosmetics 2018, 5, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amnuaikit, T.; Maneenuan, D.; Boonme, P. Evaluation of caffeine gels on physicochemical characteristics and in vivo efficacy in reducing puffy eyes. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2011, 1, 56–59. [Google Scholar]
- Gebeyehu, B.T.; Bikila, S.L. Determination of caffeine content and antioxidant activity of coffee. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2015, 3, 69–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van de Sandt, J.J.M.; Van Burgsteden, J.A.; Cage, S.; Carmichael, P.L.; Dick, I.; Kenyon, S.; Williams, F.M. In vitro predictions of skin absorption of caffeine, testosterone, and benzoic acid: A multi-centre comparison study. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2004, 39, 271–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meesen, S. In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption of Caffeine from Emulsions for Cosmetic Formulation Development. Ph.D. Thesis, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Thakur, R.; Batheja, P.; Kaushik, D.; Michniak, B. Structural and biochemical changes in aging skin and their impact on skin permeability barrier. In Skin Aging Handbook; William Andrew Publishing: Norwich, NY, USA, 2009; pp. 55–90. [Google Scholar]
- Wallen-Russell, C. Is there a relationship between transepidermal water loss and microbial biodiversity on the skin? Cosmetics 2019, 6, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brandner, J.M.; Behne, M.J.; Huesing, B.; Moll, I. Caffeine improves barrier function in male skin. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2006, 28, 343–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, H.R.; Habasi, M.; Xie, L.Z.; Aisa, H.A. Effect of chlorogenic acid on melanogenesis of B16 melanoma cells. Molecules 2014, 19, 12940–12948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shields, H.J.; Traa, A.; Van Raamsdonk, J.M. Beneficial and detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species on lifespan: A comprehensive review of comparative and experimental studies. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2021, 9, 628157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buranasirin, P.; Pongpirul, K.; Meephansan, J. Development of a global subjective skin aging assessment score from the perspective of dermatologists. BMC Res. Notes 2019, 12, 364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dobrev, H.P. A study of human skin mechanical properties by means of Cutometer. Folia Med. 2002, 44, 5–10. [Google Scholar]
- Farage, M.A.; Miller, K.W.; Elsner, P.; Maibach, H.I. Structural characteristics of the aging skin: A review. Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol. 2007, 26, 343–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tobin, D.J. Introduction to skin aging. J. Tissue Viability 2017, 26, 37–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodrigues, F.; Matias, R.; Ferreira, M.; Amaral, M.H.; Oliveira, M.B. In vitro and in vivo comparative study of cosmetic ingredients coffee silverskin and hyaluronic acid. Exp. Dermatol. 2016, 25, 572–574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dewi, S.R.; Cahyono, A.; Anggana Rafika, P.; Mawardi, P. The Comparison of the Effects of Caffeine Topical 0.25% and 0.5% as Anti-wrinkle Therapy. In Proceedings of the 23rd Regional Conference of Dermatology (RCD 2018), Surabaya, Indonesia, 8–11 August 2018; SciTePress: Setúbal, Portugal, 2021; pp. 113–117. [Google Scholar]
- Duangjai, A.; Utsintong, M.; Saokaew, S. Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) pulp extracts as a potential source of whitening agents. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2020, 64, 123–127. [Google Scholar]
- Kiattisin, K.; Intasai, N.; Nitthikan, N.; Nantarat, T.; Kuan-Han, L.; Lin, W.; Lue, S.; Leelapornpisid, P. Antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-aging potentials and safety of arabica coffee cherry extract. Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2019, 46, 930–945. [Google Scholar]
- Seo, S.B.; Kim, Y.M. Implications for beneficial effects on cosmetic activity by optimizing the 4 coffee variety extraction process. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2019, 14, 1934578X19857363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, H.C.; Wei, C.M.; Siao, J.H.; Tsai, T.C.; Ko, W.P.; Chang, K.J.; Hii, C.H.; Chang, T.M. Supercritical fluid extract of spent coffee grounds attenuates melanogenesis through downregulation of the PKA, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways. eCAM 2016, 2016, 5860296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.F.; Ouyang, S.H.; Tu, L.F.; Wang, X.; Yuan, W.L.; Wang, G.E.; He, R.R. Caffeine protects skin from oxidative stress-induced senescence through the activation of autophagy. Theranostics 2018, 8, 5713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, J.H.; Park, J.; Shin, D.W. The molecular mechanism of polyphenols with anti-aging activity in aged human dermal fibroblasts. Molecules 2022, 27, 4351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marx, S. Guidelines on Stability Testing of Cosmetic Products; European Cosmetic Toiletry and Perfumery Asociation: Colipa, Mexico, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Mattiasson, J. Method Development of an In Vitro Vertical Franz Diffusion Cell System to Assess Permeation of Cosmetic Active Ingredients. Master’s Thesis, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Vichit, W.; Saewan, N. Antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity of Thai pigmented rice. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2015, 7, 329–334. [Google Scholar]
- Vichit, W.; Saewan, N. Effect of germination on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and keratinocyte proliferation of rice. Int. Food Res. J. 2016, 23, 2006–2015. [Google Scholar]
- Baldisserotto, A.; Buso, P.; Radice, M.; Dissette, V.; Lampronti, I.; Gambari, R.; Manfredini, S.; Vertuani, S. Moringa oleifera leaf extracts as multifunctional ingredients for “natural and organic” sunscreens and photoprotective preparations. Molecules 2018, 23, 664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Part | Ingredients | % w/w | Function |
---|---|---|---|
A | Water | q.s. to 100 | Solvent |
Butylene Glycol | 2.0 | Humectant | |
Glycerin | 5.0 | Humectant | |
B | Glyceryl Stearate SE | 1.2 | Emulsifier |
Cetearyl Alcohol | 1.5 | Emollient | |
Glyceryl Stearate SE (and) PEG-100 Stearate | 1.5 | Emulsifier | |
C | Acrylates/Acrylamide Copolymer (and) Mineral Oil (and) Polysorbate 85 | 1.5 | Thickener/Emulsifier |
D | Phenoxyethanol | 0.8 | Preservative |
CBE or L-CBE | 5.0 | Active |
Scores | Clinical Description | |
---|---|---|
Erythema | Edema | |
0 | No erythema | No edema |
1 | Light erythema (hardly visible) | Light edema (hardly visible) |
2 | Clearly visible erythema | Light edema |
3 | Moderate erythema | Moderate edema (about 1 mm raised skin) |
4 | Serious erythema (dark red with possible formation of light scars) | Strong edema (extended swelling even beyond the application area) |
M.I.I | Classification |
---|---|
<0.50 | Non-irritation |
From 0.50 to <2.00 | Slightly irritation |
From 2.00 to <5.00 | Moderately irritation |
From 5.00 to <8.00 | Strongly irritation |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Saewan, N.; Jimtaisong, A.; Panyachariwat, N.; Chaiwut, P. In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Aging Effect of Coffee Berry Nanoliposomes. Molecules 2023, 28, 6830. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196830
Saewan N, Jimtaisong A, Panyachariwat N, Chaiwut P. In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Aging Effect of Coffee Berry Nanoliposomes. Molecules. 2023; 28(19):6830. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196830
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaewan, Nisakorn, Ampa Jimtaisong, Nattakan Panyachariwat, and Phanuphong Chaiwut. 2023. "In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Aging Effect of Coffee Berry Nanoliposomes" Molecules 28, no. 19: 6830. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196830