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Article

Determination of Fluoxetine in Weight Loss Herbal Medicine Using an Electrochemical Sensor Based on rGO-CuNPs

by
Aline Giuli Melaré
,
Francisco Contini Barreto
,
Martin Kassio Leme Silva
,
Rafael Plana Simões
and
Ivana Cesarino
*
Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6361; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176361
Submission received: 25 July 2023 / Revised: 18 August 2023 / Accepted: 23 August 2023 / Published: 30 August 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electroanalytical Chemistry in Composite Materials, Biomaterials and Mineral Materials)
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Abstract

The rising popularity of herbal medicine as a weight loss remedy, fueled by misleading propaganda, raises concerns about the manufacturing processes and potential inclusion of controlled substances such as fluoxetine (FLU). The objective of this work is to develop and evaluate the performance of an electrochemical device by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GC) with a nanocomposite based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) for detecting FLU in manipulated herbal medicines. Scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were applied for morphological and electrochemical characterization and analysis of the composite’s electrochemical behavior. Under optimized conditions, the proposed sensor successfully detected FLU within the range of 0.6 to 1.6 µmol L−1, showing a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.14 µmol L−1. To determine the presence of FLU in herbal samples, known amounts of the analytical standard were added to the sample, and the analyses were performed using the standard addition method, yielding recoveries between −2.13 and 2.0%.
Keywords: electrochemical sensors; reduced graphene oxide; copper nanoparticles; herbal medicine; fluoxetine electrochemical sensors; reduced graphene oxide; copper nanoparticles; herbal medicine; fluoxetine
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MDPI and ACS Style

Melaré, A.G.; Barreto, F.C.; Silva, M.K.L.; Simões, R.P.; Cesarino, I. Determination of Fluoxetine in Weight Loss Herbal Medicine Using an Electrochemical Sensor Based on rGO-CuNPs. Molecules 2023, 28, 6361. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176361

AMA Style

Melaré AG, Barreto FC, Silva MKL, Simões RP, Cesarino I. Determination of Fluoxetine in Weight Loss Herbal Medicine Using an Electrochemical Sensor Based on rGO-CuNPs. Molecules. 2023; 28(17):6361. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176361

Chicago/Turabian Style

Melaré, Aline Giuli, Francisco Contini Barreto, Martin Kassio Leme Silva, Rafael Plana Simões, and Ivana Cesarino. 2023. "Determination of Fluoxetine in Weight Loss Herbal Medicine Using an Electrochemical Sensor Based on rGO-CuNPs" Molecules 28, no. 17: 6361. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176361

APA Style

Melaré, A. G., Barreto, F. C., Silva, M. K. L., Simões, R. P., & Cesarino, I. (2023). Determination of Fluoxetine in Weight Loss Herbal Medicine Using an Electrochemical Sensor Based on rGO-CuNPs. Molecules, 28(17), 6361. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176361

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