Recovery of Precious Metals: A Promising Process Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and CO2-Soluble Complexing Polymers for Palladium Extraction from Supported Catalysts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Presentation of the Catalysts Cat D and Cat A
2.1.1. Catalyst Cat D
2.1.2. Catalyst Cat A
2.2. Pd Extraction from Catalysts Cat D and Cat A with scCO2-Soluble (co)Polymers
2.2.1. Synthesis of the Fluorinated scCO2-Soluble (co)Polymers Capable of Complexing with Pd
2.2.2. Pd Extraction from Catalysts Cat D with scCO2-Soluble (co)Polymers
2.2.3. Pd Extraction from Catalysts Cat A with scCO2-Soluble (co)Polymers
2.3. Recovery of the Pd from the Polymer/Pd Complex
2.4. Technological and Economical Assessment
3. Materials and Methods
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Run | Catalyst | (Co)polymer | Complexing Group | Additive | Polymer/Pd Molar Ratio | Complexing Group/Pd Molar Ratio | Additive/Pd Molar Ratio | Additive/ Complexing Group Ratio | Extracted Pd from the Support of the Catalyst [%] (b) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1 (e) | Cat D | None | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.6 |
E2 (e) | Cat D-red | None | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.2 |
E3 (e) | Cat D-red-ox | None | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.5 |
E4 | Cat D | P(FDA11) (c) | RAFT end group | - | 5.735 | 5.735 | - | - | 7.6 |
E5 | Cat D-red | P(FDA11) (c) | RAFT end group | - | 10.116 | 10.116 | - | - | 19.1 |
E6 | Cat D-red-ox | P(FDA11) (c) | RAFT end group | - | 4.482 | 4.482 | - | - | 26.9 |
E7 | Cat D | P(AAEM19-co-FDA18) (a) | AAEM | - | 0.445 | 8.450 | - | - | 0.0 |
E8 | Cat D | P(AAEM19-co-FDA18) (a) | AAEMactivated | TMG | 0.461 | 8.754 | 10.002 | 1.143 | 11.4 |
E9 | Cat D-red | P(AAEM19-co-FDA18) (a) | AAEM | - | 0.481 | 9.134 | - | - | 2.6 |
E10 | Cat D-red | P(AAEM19-co-FDA18) (a) | AAEMactivated | TMG | 0.481 | 9.142 | 10.446 | 1.143 | 4.5 |
E11 | Cat D-red-ox | P(AAEM19-co-FDA18) (a) | AAEM | - | 0.465 | 8.831 | - | - | 9.1 |
E12 | Cat D-red-ox | P(AAEM19-co-FDA18) (a) | AAEMactivated | TMG | 0.449 | 8.532 | 10.244 | 1.201 | 44.5 |
E13 | Cat D | P(DPPS7-co-FDA18) (d) | DPPS | - | 2.086 | 14.600 | - | - | 24.8 |
E14 | Cat D-red | P(DPPS7-co-FDA18) (d) | DPPS | - | 2.065 | 14.457 | - | - | 14.2 |
E15 | Cat D-red-ox | P(DPPS7-co-FDA18) (d) | DPPS | - | 2.093 | 14.654 | - | - | 69.5 |
E16 (e) | Cat D | P(4VP20-co-FDA18) (a) | 4VP | - | 0.557 | 11.148 | - | - | 19.8 |
E17 (e) | Cat D-red | P(4VP20-co-FDA18) (a) | 4VP | - | 0.553 | 11.068 | - | - | 24.1 |
E18 (e) | Cat D-red-ox | P(4VP20-co-FDA18) (a) | 4VP | - | 0.560 | 11.201 | - | - | 73.3 |
Run | Catalyst | (Co)polymer | Complexing Group | Additive | Polymer/Pd Molar Ratio | Complexing Group/Pd Molar Ratio | Additive/Pd Molar Ratio | Additive/Complexing Group Ratio | Extracted Pd from the Support of the Catalyst [%] (b) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E19 (c) | Cat A | P(DPPS7-co-FDA18) | DPPS | - | 1.68 | 11.75 | - | - | 5.6 |
E20 (d) | Cat A-red-ox | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 7.0 |
E21 (e) | Cat A-red-ox | P(DPPS8-co-FDA24) | DPPS | - | 1.33 | 48.22 | - | - | 61.0 |
E22 (f) | Cat A-red-ox | P(4VP20-co-FDA18) | 4VP | - | 0.48 | 9.65 | - | - | 44.5 |
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Ruiu, A.; Li, W.S.J.; Senila, M.; Bouilhac, C.; Foix, D.; Bauer-Siebenlist, B.; Seaudeau-Pirouley, K.; Jänisch, T.; Böringer, S.; Lacroix-Desmazes, P. Recovery of Precious Metals: A Promising Process Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and CO2-Soluble Complexing Polymers for Palladium Extraction from Supported Catalysts. Molecules 2023, 28, 6342. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176342
Ruiu A, Li WSJ, Senila M, Bouilhac C, Foix D, Bauer-Siebenlist B, Seaudeau-Pirouley K, Jänisch T, Böringer S, Lacroix-Desmazes P. Recovery of Precious Metals: A Promising Process Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and CO2-Soluble Complexing Polymers for Palladium Extraction from Supported Catalysts. Molecules. 2023; 28(17):6342. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176342
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuiu, Andrea, W. S. Jennifer Li, Marin Senila, Cécile Bouilhac, Dominique Foix, Bernhard Bauer-Siebenlist, Karine Seaudeau-Pirouley, Thorsten Jänisch, Sarah Böringer, and Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes. 2023. "Recovery of Precious Metals: A Promising Process Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and CO2-Soluble Complexing Polymers for Palladium Extraction from Supported Catalysts" Molecules 28, no. 17: 6342. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176342