Aroma Profile Development in Beer Fermented with Azacca, Idaho-7, and Sultana Hops
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Comparison of Hop Varieties (Azacca, Idaho-7, and Sultana)
Azacca Hops | Idaho-7 Hops | Sultana Hops | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family | Analyte | RT 2 | 6 h | 24 h | Final | 6 h | 24 h | Final | 6 h | 24 h | Final | Aroma |
Methyl ester | Methyl 4-ethyl 4-pentenoate | 13.6 | 0.050 ± 0.011 | 0.040 ± 0.002 | 0.015 ± 0.004 | Sweet, yeast [19] | ||||||
Methyl 6-methyl heptanoate | 16.6 | 0.018 ± 0.004 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | |||||||||
Methyl 6-methyl octanoate | 21.7 | 0.013 ± 0.004 | 0.025 ± 0.008 | |||||||||
Methyl 4-decenoate | 27.2 | 0.028 ± 0.007 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.024 ± 0.007 | 0.041 ± 0.011 | 0.061 ± 0.018 | 0.202 ± 0.061 | 0.040 ± 0.016 | ||||
Methyl geranate | 27.7 | 0.008 ± 0.001 | 0.008 ± 0.002 | 0.011 ± 0.003 | 0.009 ± 0.004 | 0.018 ± 0.007 | 0.013 ± 0.004 | 0.031 ± 0.009 | 0.192 ± 0.058 | 0.116 ± 0.021 | Sweet, candy [21] | |
Methyl 3,6-dodecanoate | 35.4 | 0.013 ± 0.004 | 0.018 ± 0.006 | |||||||||
Ethyl ester | Ethyl heptanoate | 17.1 | 0.013 ± 0.003 | 0.019 ± 0.001 | Fruity [25] | |||||||
Ethyl octanoate | 22.0 | 0.012 ± 0.004 | 0.041 ± 0.012 | 0.088 ± 0.022 | 0.025 ± 0.009 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.173 ± 0.052 | 0.160 ± 0.030 | Fruity, brandy [20] | |||
Ethyl phenylethanoate | 24.0 | 0.006 ± 0.001 | ||||||||||
Ethyl 4-methyl octanoate | 25.1 | 0.032 ± 0.010 | 0.056 ± 0.005 | |||||||||
Ethyl nonanoate | 26.5 | 0.007 ± 0.001 | 0.012 ± 0.003 | 0.010 ± 0.003 | 0.023 ± 0.007 | 0.016 ± 0.001 | Fruity [20] | |||||
Ethyl 8-methyl nonanoate | 29.2 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.033 ± 0.010 | 0.027 ± 0.005 | ||||||||
Ethyl trans-4-decenoate | 30.1 | 0.008 ± 0.001 | 0.034 ± 0.008 | 0.019 ± 0.006 | 0.073 ± 0.022 | 0.160 ± 0.012 | Pear, pineapple [17] | |||||
Ethyl decanoate | 30.9 | 0.017 ± 0.003 | 0.096 ± 0.024 | 0.024 ± 0.008 | 0.117 ± 0.035 | 0.123 ± 0.017 | Fruity [20] | |||||
Ethyl dodecanoate | 38.8 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.031 ± 0.009 | 0.014 ± 0.002 | Floral, fruity [20] | |||||||
Other ester | 1-methylbutyl propionate | 11.0 | 0.028 ± 0.008 | 0.028 ± 0.001 | 0.011 ± 0.004 | |||||||
2-methylbutyl 2-methylpropanoate | 13.1 | 0.086 ± 0.020 | 0.070 ± 0.017 | 0.039 ± 0.010 | 0.036 ± 0.010 | 0.077 ± 0.031 | 0.043 ± 0.015 | 0.024 ± 0.007 | 0.087 ± 0.026 | 0.076 ± 0.008 | Earthy [19] | |
Terpinyl acetate 3 | 13.5 | 0.017 ± 0.005 | 0.069 ± 0.021 | Spice, herbal, citrus [26] | ||||||||
2-ethylhexyl penatanoate | 17.4 | 0.014 ± 0.001 |
Azacca Hops | Idaho-7 Hops | Sultana Hops | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family | Analyte | RT 2 | 6 h | 24 h | Final | 6 h | 24 h | Final | 6 h | 24 h | Final | Aroma |
Ketone | 2-Nonanone | 16.8 | 0.020 ± 0.003 | 0.010 ± 0.003 | 0.019 ± 0.008 | 0.013 ± 0.004 | Fruity [24] | |||||
2-Decanone | 21.6 | 0.011 ± 0.003 | 0.011 ± 0.001 | 0.008 ± 0.002 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.014 ± 0.006 | 0.009 ± 0.003 | 0.024 ± 0.007 | 0.014 ± 0.003 | Citrusy, orange [27] | ||
6-Undecen-2-one | 25.5 | 0.007 ± 0.002 | 0.006 ± 0.001 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | ||||||||
2-Undecanone | 26.3 | 0.024 ± 0.006 | 0.026 ± 0.002 | 0.032 ± 0.008 | 0.024 ± 0.010 | 0.025 ± 0.010 | 0.041 ± 0.014 | 0.044 ± 0.013 | 0.032 ± 0.005 | Orange [24] | ||
Jasmine lactone | 30.6 | 0.013 ± 0.004 | 0.013 ± 0.002 | Fruity, sweet, floral [28] | ||||||||
2-Dodecanone | 30.7 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.008 ± 0.003 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.006 ± 0.002 | Fruity, citrus [29] | |||||
2-Tridecanone | 34.9 | 0.007 ± 0.002 | 0.008 ± 0.002 | 0.009 ± 0.004 | 0.037 ± 0.015 | 0.009 ± 0.003 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.021 ± 0.006 | 0.011 ± 0.002 | Fruity, green [30] | ||
Alcohol | Isothujol 3 | 13.7 | 0.033 ± 0.001 | |||||||||
α-Terpineol 3 | 13.8 | 0.018 ± 0.007 | 0.013 ± 0.004 | Lilac [24] | ||||||||
Linalool | 17.1 | 0.025 ± 0.002 | 0.037 ± 0.011 | 0.012 ± 0.003 | 0.029 ± 0.002 | 0.027 ± 0.011 | 0.038 ± 0.013 | 0.018 ± 0.005 | 0.026 ± 0.008 | 0.101 ± 0.007 | Sweet, floral, orange [19] | |
Citronellol | 23.5 | 0.007 ± 0.002 | 0.014 ± 0.003 | Sweet, floral [24] | ||||||||
cis-Geraniol | 24.7 | 0.009 ± 0.002 | 0.015 ± 0.005 | Orange, citrus [19] | ||||||||
2-Undecanol | 26.7 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.021 ± 0.006 | 0.019 ± 0.004 | Fruity [24] | |||||
Humuleneol II | 40.1 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.007 ± 0.002 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.015 ± 0.005 | 0.011 ± 0.003 | Floral, spicy, citrus [31] | |||||
Voltaile acid | Gamolenic acid 3 | 41.2 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.022 ± 0.007 | 0.017 ± 0.003 |
Azacca Hops | Idaho-7 Hops | Sultana Hops | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family | Analyte | RT 2 | 6 h | 24 h | Final | 6 h | 24 h | Final | 6 h | 24 h | Final | Aroma |
Monoterpene | β-Pinene | 11.4 | 0.050 ± 0.015 | 0.017 ± 0.008 | 0.006 ± 0.001 | 0.007 ± 0.002 | 0.029 ± 0.009 | 0.224 ± 0.067 | 0.017 ± 0.001 | Piney, woody [19] | ||
β-Myrcene | 11.9 | 0.686 ± 0.201 | 0.534 ± 0.115 | 0.601 ± 0.149 | 0.126 ± 0.064 | 0.254 ± 0.103 | 0.085 ± 0.029 | 0.140 ± 0.042 | 0.416 ± 0.240 | 0.661 ± 0.097 | Balsamic, woody, herbal [19] | |
β-Ocimene | 14.6 | 0.017 ± 0.008 | 0.012 ± 0.004 | 0.014 ± 0.003 | 0.005 ± 0.003 | 0.017 ± 0.007 | Earthy, smokey, green [19] | |||||
Cosmene | 18.6 | 0.011 ± 0.003 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.018 ± 0.005 | |||||||
Sesquiterpene | Ylangene | 29.6 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.007 ± 0.002 | 0.018 ± 0.005 | 0.008 ± 0.002 | Spicy, fresh, woody [32] | |||||
α-Copaene | 29.8 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.008 ± 0.002 | 0.011 ± 0.003 | 0.006 ± 0.002 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.025 ± 0.007 | 0.020 ± 0.004 | Woody, wax, honey [19] | ||
β-Caryophyllene | 31.6 | 0.064 ± 0.020 | 0.115 ± 0.032 | 0.152 ± 0.038 | 0.019 ± 0.001 | 0.053 ± 0.021 | 0.054 ± 0.018 | 0.063 ± 0.019 | 0.345 ± 0.104 | 0.319 ± 0.110 | Oily, fruity, woody, spicy [19] | |
α-Humulene | 33.1 | 0.196 ± 0.061 | 0.334 ± 0.119 | 0.413 ± 0.102 | 0.057 ± 0.027 | 0.170 ± 0.068 | 0.130 ± 0.044 | 0.235 ± 0.071 | 1.478 ± 0.443 | 0.875 ± 0.433 | Woody, musty [19] | |
γ-Muurolene | 34.0 | 0.010 ± 0.003 | 0.018 ± 0.005 | 0.024 ± 0.006 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.017 ± 0.007 | 0.009 ± 0.003 | 0.009 ± 0.003 | 0.045 ± 0.014 | 0.031 ± 0.014 | ||
β-Eudesmene | 34.4 | 0.008 ± 0.002 | 0.011 ± 0.003 | 0.006 ± 0.002 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.016 ± 0.005 | 0.011 ± 0.004 | |||||
γ-Gurjunene 3 | 34.7 | 0.010 ± 0.003 | 0.014 ± 0.003 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.023 ± 0.007 | 0.017 ± 0.006 | Woody [32] | |||||
α-Muurolene | 35.0 | 0.006 ± 0.003 | 0.009 ± 0.002 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.029 ± 0.009 | 0.009 ± 0.004 | ||||||
γ-Cadinene | 35.5 | 0.017 ± 0.005 | 0.021 ± 0.005 | 0.014 ± 0.006 | 0.043 ± 0.017 | 0.008 ± 0.003 | 0.009 ± 0.003 | 0.056 ± 0.017 | 0.029 ± 0.008 | Herbal, thyme, woody [31] | ||
δ-Cadinene | 35.9 | 0.017 ± 0.006 | 0.026 ± 0.010 | 0.033 ± 0.008 | 0.011 ± 0.005 | 0.040 ± 0.016 | 0.015 ± 0.005 | 0.012 ± 0.004 | 0.089 ± 0.027 | 0.032 ± 0.012 | Woody [18] | |
α-Cadinene | 36.4 | 0.006 ± 0.001 | 0.015 ± 0.004 | 0.006 ± 0.002 | ||||||||
α-Calacorene | 36.6 | 0.010 ± 0.002 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.017 ± 0.005 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | Woody [18] | ||||||
Cadalene | 41.6 | 0.007 ± 0.002 | 0.008 ± 0.002 | 0.065 ± 0.020 | 0.004 ± 0.001 |
Hop Variety | Days Since Inoculation + Hopping | SG 1 | pH 1 | SPME Samples Analyzed |
---|---|---|---|---|
Azacca hops | 0 | 1.057 ± 0.001 | 5.21 ± 0.04 | 6 h (Control, T1, T2, T3) |
1.6–2.5 mL/100 g total oils | 1 | 1.036 ± 0.002 | 4.93 ± 0.06 | 24 h (Control, T1, T2, T3) |
14–16% alpha acids | 5 | 1.009 ± 0.001 | 4.40 ± 0.02 | |
4–5.5% beta acids | 14 | 1.009 ± 0.001 | 4.38 ± 0.03 | Final (Control, T1, T2, T3) |
Idaho-7 hops | 0 | 1.059 ± 0.002 | 5.12 ± 0.05 | 6 h (Control, T1, T2, T3) |
1.0–5.0 mL/100 g total oils | 1 | 1.047 ± 0.014 | 4.86 ± 0.12 | 24 h (Control, T1, T2, T3) |
9–14% alpha acids | 5 | 1.010 ± 0.001 | 4.60 ± 0.01 | |
3.5–9.1% beta acids | 14 | 1.006 ± 0.001 | 4.32 ± 0.02 | Final (Control, T1, T2, T3) |
Sultana hops | 0 | 1.056 ± 0.001 | 5.12 ± 0.03 | 6 h (Control, T1, T2, T3) |
2.5–4.0 mL/100 g total oils | 1 | 1.025 ± 0.022 | 4.86 ± 0.12 | 24 h (Control, T1, T2, T3) |
13–15% alpha acids | 5 | 1.008 ± 0.001 | 4.53 ± 0.06 | |
4–5% beta acids | 14 | 1.008 ± 0.001 | 4.46 ± 0.01 | Final (Control, T1, T2, T3) |
2.2. Aroma Development and Hops Biotransformation
2.3. Sensory Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Fermentation
3.2. Sensory Panel
3.3. Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME)
3.4. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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McCabe, A.K.; Keyes, J.K.; Hemetsberger, H.; Kurr, C.V.; Albright, B.; Ward, M.G.; McKinley, M.L.; Breezley, S.J.; Cole, C.A. Aroma Profile Development in Beer Fermented with Azacca, Idaho-7, and Sultana Hops. Molecules 2023, 28, 5802. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155802
McCabe AK, Keyes JK, Hemetsberger H, Kurr CV, Albright B, Ward MG, McKinley ML, Breezley SJ, Cole CA. Aroma Profile Development in Beer Fermented with Azacca, Idaho-7, and Sultana Hops. Molecules. 2023; 28(15):5802. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155802
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcCabe, Anna K., Jasmine K. Keyes, Heidi Hemetsberger, Chris V. Kurr, Bryan Albright, Michael G. Ward, Megan L. McKinley, Steven J. Breezley, and Callie A. Cole. 2023. "Aroma Profile Development in Beer Fermented with Azacca, Idaho-7, and Sultana Hops" Molecules 28, no. 15: 5802. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155802